Kingdome Plantae

Presented By:Miss Sayali DiwanClass 11 G.V. Khade VidyalayaShahapur.

Presented to:Mr. Kailash Vilegave

Green Algae's are the plant without body differentiation.

They are mostly unicellular , conical, filamentous structure.

They are Autotrophic because they contain chlorophyll.

Green Algae's are found mostly in fresh water , marine water.

So they are mostly aquatic.

The algae cell wall consist of two layers i.e. cellulosic and other pectin compounds.

Reproduction in Algae

Reproduction

Vegetative Asexual Sexual

Fragmentation (in filamentous form) and cell division (in unicellular form)

By the formation of various types of Motile or Non-Motile spores.The most common being the Zoospores.They are Flagellated(Motile) and on germination give rise to new plants.

Formation and fusion of Gametes.

Isogamy:-Fusing gametes are sameAnisogamy:-Fusing gametes are differentOogamy:-Fusing gametes are totally different

Volvax is a genus of chlorophytes, a type of green algae. It forms spherical colonies of up to 50.000 cells. They live in variety of fresh water habitat. Volvax developed its colonial lifestyle 200 million ago.

Reproduction:-Asexual:-

An asexual colonies includes both somatic(vegetativecell) which do not reproduce , and gonidia whichproduce new colonies through repeated division. The daughter colonies have their flagella initiallydirected inwards.

Sexual:- In sexual reproduction two types of Gametes are produced. Male cone release numerous microgametes,while in female colonies single cell enlarge to become oogamets,or egg.

Volvax

volvax

Clamydomonas are the single celled alga.

It mostly grows in ponds, ditches and wet soil.

Reproduction:- Reproduce sexually by producing Zygote.

Reproduce Asexually by producing Zoospores.

The zoospores grow into maturehaploid cells, completingthe asexual life cycle.

These daughter cellsdevelop flagella andcell walls and thenemerge as swimmingzoospores from the wallof the parent cell that had enclosed them.

It reabsorbs its flagella and then divides twice by mitosis, forming four cells (more insome species)

A mature cell of Clamydomonasis a haploid

AsexualReproduction

LIFECYCLE(Asexual)

LIFECYCLE(SEXUAL)When the zygote breaks dormancy,

Meiosis produces four haploidIndividuals (two of each mating type)That emerges from the coat.

MEIOSISThis diploid zygotesecretes a durable coat that protects the cell againstharsh conditions

They eventually grow into mature cells.

A mature cell of Clamydomonas is aHaploid cell.

MITOSIS

Within the wall of the parent cell, mitosis produces many haploid Gametes.

After their release, gametes from opposite mating types (designated+ and - ) pair off and cling together.

Fusion of theisogametes occurs slowly, forming a diploid zygote.

Both reproduce sexually and asexually

Fast growth rates

High metabolic rates

Fast nutrient uptake

Occupy new spaces after disturbances

Spirogyra is a filamentous ribbon like structure.

It is mainly found in fresh water.

It can be long up to 2 cm.

Cell Wall in spirogyra is made up of two layers:-

1)Outer layer is made up of pectin.

2)Inner layer is made up of cellulose.

Spirogyra

Ulva has marine habitat

The leaves of ulva is like algae.

It is a sea lettuce.

Ulva has no. Of leaves on one branch.

Asexual reproduction: Bi-flagellate zoospores

Sexual reproduction: Gametophytes (1n) form biflagellate isogametes; fuse in

pairs -> germinate -> form sporophyte (2n).

Sporophyte cells undergo meiosis -> form quadriflagellate zoospores (1n) -> release -> form the gametophytes (1n).

Sporophyte isomorphic to gametophyte except that it is diploid.

Life cycle of Ulva

In bryophytes body differentiation starts to exhibits.

It is also called as plant amphibian.

Steam and leaf like structures are present on Bryophytes.

Water is crucial for their existent.

Bryophytes are mostly found in hilly areas.

Specialize vascular tissues are absent.

They also have cryptogam like thallophyta.

STRUCTURE:- They have erect portion.

The rhizoid may be unicellular or multicellular.

Rhizoid are hair like structure present on lower epidermal cell.

REPRODUCTION:- In Asexual, reproduction takes place by

fragmentation or spore formation.

In Sexual, reproduction takes place by gametes.

Male plant is known Antredium & female plant is k/as Archegonia.

Bryophyta

mosses

Bryophytes

Mosses

Bryophytes

Bryophytes

Moss and Liverworts

Funaria

Funaria

Funaria

Life cycle of Funaria

Mosses possess radial symmetry, through it may be erect, hanging or creeping.

The plants are usually foliose.

Branching is lateral.

Rhizoids are multicellular and branched.

The sporophyte is always differentiated into foot, seta and capsule and is more elaborate.

Seta develops fully before the maturity of cells.

Vascular tissues are absent.

Liverworts has leafy thallus.

A filamentous stage is absent. Plant is directly formed from the spores.

Rhizoids are unicellular.

Sporophyte may or may not be differentiated into foot, seta and capsule.

Seta develops rapidly towards the maturity of spores.

Pteridophyta

Fern

Pteridophyta Fern

Fern

Fern

Life Cycle of Fern

Phanerogame have distinct organs like root, steam, leaves.

Roots are present due to presences of special vascular tissue.

Reproductive part is visible in Phanerogame.

Phanerogame are classified on the basis of their type of reproduction.

Phanerogame

Angiosperm Gymnosperm

GymnospermCHARETERSTIC

Gymnosperms are soft wood plant.

Their plants are perennial, evergreen and

woody.

The leaves of gymnosperms are needled

shaped.

STRUCTURE

They are branched or sometime

unbranched.

Leaves are simple or compound.

They are well adopted in extreme

Roots are of two types in gymnosperm- (a)Tap root

(b)Coralloid

REPRODUCTION

Reproduction is by Hetrospores.

Sporangia produces two types of spores.

1)Microspore- It is small in size andgerminates to give rise to male gametophytewhich produce male gametes.

2)Megaspores-It is the large in size andgerminates to give rise to gametophyte whichproduces female egg.

Spores spiral are arranged in compact structurecalled strobili or combes.

Their are 2 types of cone- Male cone, Femalecone.

Male cone-

Microsporangia

Strobili (with microspores)

microspore

Male gamete

Female cone-

Megasporophyll

Megaspore

Female gametophyte

Female gametes

i. All these megaspores does not produce femalegametophyte only one of them produce femalegametophyte.

ii. Male & female gametophyte do not have an independentfree living existence.

iii. They are not independent in their existence.

iv. Male or female cone can be present on same or differentplant.

Cycus is called living fossil as it posses many character of extinct Pteriodophyte.

It is an evergreen small palm-like or tree-fern like sporophyte.

They have symbiotic association with blue-green algae like Nostoc, Anabaena etc.

CHARETERSTICS

Angiosperm are hard wood plants

The seeds of angiosperms are covered by fruits.

All the flowering plants are angiosperm.

They have broad leaves.

Angiosperm form the largest group from plants.

HABITAT

Angiosperm are found anywhere in extreme condition also.

SINGIFICANES & ECONOMICAL USE

These are the primary food for all animals.

Provides o2 for breathing.

It also provides Lumbar & fibres for clothing.

It is used for drugs production.

Based on number of cotyledon present on it.

COTYLEDON:-

1)It is a structure or predesigned plant inside the enclosed seed.

2)It is termed as seed leaves.

3)Their are variety which contain one or two seed leaves.

A. Monocot

B. Dicot

Monocots are the plants which bear one cotyledon.

There are one leaves at the nodes.

The vascular bundle in scattered.

In monocot floral parts is always multiple of 3.

Eg- Maize, Onion, Sugarcane etc.

Dicot plant bears two cotyledon in the seed.

There is two leaves at the node.

Vascular bundle in Dicot is ring like structure.

Floral parts in Dicot is multiple of 4 & 5.

Eg- Rose, Lotus , Mango.

Pollination and Fertilization

Angiosperms:-

Lifecycle of Moss

Plasmogamy