Kganyago Chokoe

Aerodrome Civil Infrastructure Inspector

(011) 545 1334 071 312 6021

chokoek@caa.co.za

www.caa.co.za

Leon van den Heever

Aerodrome Civil Infrastructure Inspector (Senior)

(011) 545 1139 083 447 2527

VanderHeeverL@caa.co.za

www.caa.co.za

Presentation outline

1. Aerodrome civil infrastructure

2. Objectives

3. Compliance

4. Runway Incursions/ Excursions

5. Maintenance

6. Questions

1. Aerodrome Civil Infrastructure

• Civil infrastructure at aerodromes

• Noted and challenges of concern

• Financial impact implications

• Regulations, Standards, Acts, manuals

Objectives

• The objective is to ensure safe operations by:

• Informing the licence holder of the minimum safety standards for the civil infrastructure

• Reminding them of their duties as licence holders

• Providing guidance and assistance to licence holders.

• Increasing and enhancing safety awareness at the aerodromes and the communities concerned.

Compliance

• As per:

• CARs Part 139

• CATs Part 139

• ICAO Annex 14 Vol. 1 (6th edition)

• Aerodrome design manuals Parts 1- 9

• SANS

• Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHS Act 85 of 1993)

Compliance

Compliance: Paved Runway; Threshold markings

• Location: 6m from start of runway

• Longitudinal stripes symmetrical about the Centreline

• Dimensions: 30*1,8 spaced at 1,8m

• The number of stripes is determined by the width of the runway.

Width of runway Number of stripes

18m 4

23m 6

30m 8

45m 12

60m 16

Compliance: Displaced runway threshold markings

Compliance: Designation marking

•Location: 12m after the end of the threshold markings

•Denote the orientation of the runway.

NB The mathematical difference between two designations of one runway should equal to 18!

•Dimensions: @@@@ • Widths: Figure 5,3 of ICAO Annex 14 Vol. 1.

• Height: 9m, exception of 6 and 9 which are 9,5m.

Compliance: Paved Runways; Designation markings

Compliance (non): Unpaved runways; Designator markings

Compliance (non)@ (unpaved) runway: designator markings

Compliance: unpaved runway; designator markings

Compliance: Paved Runway; Centreline marking

• Location: 12m after designation marking

• To guide the pilot to the centre of the runway.

• Length of stripe plus width between stripes shall be 50 -75m but the gap cannot be longer than the stripe

• Width of stripe: 0,9m mnm for precision approach CAT2 and 3

0,45m mnm for precision approach CAT1 and non- precision approach code 3, and 4

0,3m mnm for non-precision code 1 and 2 and for non-instrument runways

Compliance: Paved runways; Runway side stripe

• A runway side stripe marking shall be provided between the thresholds of a paved runway where there is a lack of contrast between the runway edges and the shoulders or the surrounding terrain.

• Dimensions: 0,9m for 30m and wider runways, 0,45m for runways with a width narrower that 30m

Compliance: Paved Runways; TDZ • Location: No closer than 150m to threshold Fig 5-5 (Annex 14)

• Who SHALL have: precision approach runway where the code number is 2, 3 or 4

• Dimensions: 22,5m X 1,8m spaced at 1,5m

• The number is determined by the landing distance available

Landing distance available or the distance between thresholds

Pair(s) of markings

less than 900 m 1

900 m up to but not including 1 200 m 2

1 200 m up to but not including 1 500 m

3

1 500 m up to but not including 2 400 m 4

2400m or more 6

Compliance: Paved Runways; Aiming point markings

• Annex 14 Table 5 - 1: Location, Dimensions, spacing

• Location det. by; glide path, slope of runway surface, coincides with PAPI lights

• If closer than 50m to TDZ, delete the TDZ

• Basic pattern or Distance-coded pattern

Compliance: Runway holding position marking

• SHALL be provided at intersection : Runway and Taxiway and intersection of Runway and Runway when one is using taxiing route

• Annex 14, Table 3-2: Minimum distance from the runway centreline to a holding bay, runway-holding position or road-holding position.

• Code 4F precision approach runways: 107,5m.

Compliance

TDZ and aiming point for Landing Distance Available: 1500-2399m

Compliance; Markings

• At unmanned aerodromes, markings are the only source of guidance that pilots may have.

• Runway = White

• Taxiways and Aprons = Yellow

Compliance: Runway Surface What to avoid:

• Friction measuring below minimum level

• Loose debris

• Cracks and holes

Friction non-compliance

Compliance: Strip areas What not to have at the strip area:

• Objects (Non-navigational aids and not frangible)

• Excavations, drains (slope, strength)

• Loose cables

• Surface not prepared to carry weight

• Long grass (obscuring any trenches, stones etc.)

Non-compliance: Strip areas

Non-compliance: Strip areas

Non-compliance strip area

Compliance: Strip areas

Runway End Safety Area

• An area adjacent to the end of the runway strip intended to reduce risk of damage to aircraft undershooting or over-running the runway.

• Applicability of the Runway End Safety Area • A runway safety end shall be provided at the end of the

runway strip where: • -The code number is 3 or 4. This is normally from a

Category 5 - 6 aerodrome upwards • - And for all instrument runways.

RESA

Compliance: Perimeter fence

A fence to deter unauthorised access and animals.

Wind Direction Indicators

• A wind direction indicator shall be located so as to be visible from aircraft in flight or on the movement area and in such a way as to be free from the effects of air disturbances caused by nearby objects; and be conspicuous against background.

Torn wind direction indicator

(Unacceptable)

Conspicuous from ground level

but not from air!! (unacceptable)

Wind Direction Indicator

Torn wind direction indicator

1.2M 7.5M

Sock throat opening 900mm

Sock length 3.6M

Higher

than 3.6m

Runway Incursions & Excursions

• ‘Runway incursions’ is defined as: Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

• Runway excursions: An incident involving only a single aircraft, where it makes an inappropriate exit from the runway. This can happen because of pilot error, low visibility, markings not being visible or a faulty aircraft.

Prevention

• Communication: ATC are aware of all activities on the aerodrome, therefore the instructions they give are important. (INC)

• Runway Holding positions ensure that aircraft and vehicles hold a safe distance from an active or occupied runway (INC)

• Markers in the correct position will inform anyone on the maneuvering area where they are and where they are entering (INC)

Prevention

• The friction of the surface, if compliant, will allow for aircraft to stop in adequate time and distance and avoid overshooting or veering off the runway. (EXC)

• People and animals on the non-public areas of aerodrome (INC)

• Strip areas (EXC)

• Incorrect (EXC)

Maintenance expectations

• Daily inspections

• Keep the aerodrome in a serviceable condition

• Record and report any incident (incursions and excursions)

Thank you