Post on 24-Feb-2016
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12.6 Primate Evolution
KEY CONCEPT Humans appeared late in Earth’s history.
12.6 Primate Evolution
I. Humans share a common ancestor with other primates.A. Primate Characteristics
1. Moveable fingers and toes2. Flat nails3. Prehensile (grasping) hands4. Color vision5. Front facing eyes6. Enlarged brains
12.6 Primate Evolution
B. Primates evolved into prosimians and anthropoids.
1. Prosimians are the oldest living primatesa. They are mostly small and nocturnalb. Examples: lemurs, lorises, tarsiers
12.6 Primate EvolutionProsimian = Lemurs
12.6 Primate Evolution
Prosimian = Lorises
12.6 Primate Evolution
Prosimian = Tarsiers
12.6 Primate Evolution
2. Anthropoids are humanlike primates.
12.6 Primate Evolution
a. Characteristics of Anthropoids
– Well developed collar bone
– Rotating shoulder– Dental formula
(molars, premolars, canine, incisors)
– Opposable thumbs
12.6 Primate Evolution
1. New World Monkeys: Marmosets, Howlers, Spider Monkeys, Squirrel Monkeysa. All live in treesb. Many have prehensile tails
C. Anthropoids are subdivided into the New World monkeys, Old World monkeys and hominoids
12.6 Primate Evolution
New World = Marmosets
12.6 Primate Evolution
New World = Howlers
12.6 Primate Evolution
New World = Spider
12.6 Primate Evolution
New World = Squirrel Monkey
12.6 Primate Evolution
2. Old World Monkeys: Macaque, Colobus, Baboon
a. Most travel and forage (at least part of the time) on the ground
b. Have larger brains that New World Monkeys
12.6 Primate Evolution
Old World = Macaque
12.6 Primate Evolution
Old World = Colobus
12.6 Primate Evolution
Old World = Baboons
12.6 Primate Evolution
3. Hominoids – Orangutans, Bonobos, Chimps
D. Hominoids are divided into hominids, great apes and lesser apes1. Hominids include living and extinct humans
a. Walk uprightb. Have long lower limbsc. Opposable thumbsd. Relatively large brains
2. Great apes include gorillas, chimps and orangutans3. Lesser apes include gibbons
12.6 Primate Evolution
Great Apes = gorillas
12.6 Primate Evolution
Hominoids/Great Apes = Orangutans
12.6 Primate Evolution
Hominoids = Bonobos
12.6 Primate Evolution
Hominoids/Great Apes = Chimps
12.6 Primate Evolution
Hominoid/Lesser Apes = Gibbons
12.6 Primate Evolution
E. Walking Upright (a characteristic of humans)
1. Bipedal means walking on two legs which allows…a. Foragingb. carrying infants and foodc. using tools
2. Requires:a. Cup shaped pelvis
b. S shaped spinec. Toes alignedd. Larger brain
12.6 Primate Evolution
12.6 Primate Evolution
1. Most hominids are classified either as Australopithecus or Homo2. Australopithecines were a successful genus
a. Australopithecinus afarensisi. Lived 3 – 3.9 million years agoii. Cranial Capacity is 1/3 of modern humansiii. Humanlike limbs
II. There are many fossils of extinct humans
Australopithecusafarensis
Homo habilis Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
12.6 Primate Evolution
12.6 Primate Evolution
3. The Homo genus first evolved 2.4 million years agoa. Homo habilis
i. Lived 2.5 – 1.6 myaii. “Handy man” – used toolsiii. Ate meativ. Speech
Australopithecusafarensis
Homo habilis Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
12.6 Primate Evolution
12.6 Primate Evolution
Australopithecusafarensis
Homo habilis Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
b. Homo Neanderthalensisi. “Neanderthals”ii. Larger cranial capacity than humansiii. Thick brow ridges and protruding teethiv. Toolsv. Wore Clothingvi. Buried their deadvii. Replaced by modern humans
12.6 Primate Evolution
12.6 Primate Evolution
III. Modern humans arose about 200,000 years ago 1. Homo sapiens fossils date to 200,000 years ago
a. Human evolution is influenced by a tool-based cultureb. There is a trend toward increased brain size in hominidsc. Characteristics:
i. High foreheadii. No brow ridge
Australopithecusafarensis
Homo habilis Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
12.6 Primate Evolution