June 3 & 4, 2011Philadelphia PA, USA

Britton Chance: Life, Times, & Legacy

Symposium and Workshop

Translational Research in

Near Infrared Based Functional Brain Imaging

Banu Onaral, PhDH.H. Sun Professor and Director

School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems

Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA banu.onaral@drexel.edu

Realizing BC’s dream……Move discoveries to practice

>> Portable Near-Infrared Technology for Detection of Hematoma

>> Portable Near-Infrared Technology for Brain Activity Monitor

BC’s Dream Team

Adrian Curtin

Shoko Nioka

Outline• Optical Brain Imaging (fNIR)

– Physiological and Physical Principles– Chance-Drexel fNIR Technology Evolution

• Applications– Regional and Global Collaborations– Human Performance, Brain Integrated Simulation…

• Translational Research– Clinical Solutions

– Conclusion

Functional Near-Infrared Monitor [fNIR]>> Cortical activation-related to hemodynamic changes in natural

environments and diverse field conditions

Optical Brain ImagingNear Infrared Based Platform

Physiological Principles of fNIR Neural Activity & Hemodynamic Response

Neurons consume energy (glucose) when activated

Oxygen is required to metabolize the glucose

As clusters of neurons are activated, there is an increased need for oxygen in that area

Oxygen is transported to neural tissue via oxy-hemoglobin in the blood

Oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb are correlates of brain activity through oxygen consumption by neurons

The oxygen exchange occurs in the capillary beds

As oxy-hemoglobin gives up oxygen to the neural tissue, it is transformed into deoxygenated hemoglobin

David J. Heeger & David Ress. (2002)What does fMRI tell us about neuronal activity? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3, 142-151

Source

Detector

Physical Principles of fNIR I Photon Migration in Tissue

H Obrig  , R Wenzel, M Kohl, S Horst, P Wobst, J Steinbrink, F Thomas, A Villringer. Near-infrared spectroscopy: does it function in functional activation studies of the adult brain? International Journal of Psychophysiology 35(2-3):125-142, 2000

Photons that enter the tissue undergo two types of interaction:

Scattering(cell membranes)

Absorption(Hb, HbO2, water)

Physical Principles of fNIR II

Near IR

Optical Window in Tissue

.G

Stimuli Presentation

Initial Dip

PeakOxygenation

Post stimulusundershoot

HbHbHbOHbO CCCCeeBloodVolumBloodVolum 22 HbHbHbOHbO CCCCeeBloodVolumBloodVolum 22

HbHbHbOHbO CCCCnnOxygenatioOxygenatio 22 HbHbHbOHbO CCCCnnOxygenatioOxygenatio 22

LLCCCCIIII

ODOD HBOHBOHBOHBOHBHBHBHBBB ))((loglog

22221010 LLCCCCIIII

ODOD HBOHBOHBOHBOHBHBHBHBBB ))((loglog

22221010

LLCCCC HBOHBOHBOHBOHBHBHBHBIIII))((

0022221010

LLCCCC HBOHBOHBOHBOHBHBHBHBIIII))((

0022221010

ModifiedBeer-Lambert Law

.G Io I

Early versions of continuous wave (CW) system

Current version of CW system

Chance-Drexel fNIR Technology Evolution

fNIR System 100fNIR Devices, LLC

RunMan, CogniscopeNIM, Inc

Early versions of wireless system (PDA based)

Wireless pediatric system (ZigBee)

Adhesive stick-on wireless system

Chance-Drexel fNIR Wireless Technology Evolution

Sensors

Programmable/Transmitter IC

Embedded in a head band with batteries

Wireless Link

data

University of Maryland (Dr. José L. Contreras-Vidal)

University of Pittsburgh (Dr. Joseph Ricker)

Albert Einstein College of Medicine (Dr. Roee Holtzer)

Italy – Polytechnic University of Milan (Dr. Sergio Cerutti)

Spain – University of Seville (Dr. Jose Leon-Carrion) – Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos Toledo (Dr. Guglielmo Foffani)

Israel – Haifa University (Dr. Zvia Breznitz) Hebrew University (Dr. Esther Shohami)

Turkey – Middle East Technical University (Dr. Veysi Isler) – Dokuz Eylul University (Dr. Murat Ozgeren )

China – Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (Dr. Shoko Nioka) Med-X, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai Mental Health Center

United Kingdom – The Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL)

Japan – Bukkyo University (Dr. Yasufumi Kuroda)

Global Collaborations

in Functional Optical Brain Imaging

Human Performance Assessment…

Optical Brain Imaging

Human Performance Assessment

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Augmented Cognition Program

©

Brain integrated Simulation…“Brain in the Loop”

Optical Brain Imaging

Simulation & Multimedia ApplicationBrain Activity Monitoring in VR Environment

Clinical Solutions…

Optical Brain Imaging

…Solutions

Traumatic Brain Injury>> Portable Near-Infrared Technology for

Detection of Hematoma

Near Infrared Based Platform

Hasan Ayaz, PhDBIOMED

Banu Onaral, PhDBIOMED

Baruch Ben Dor, PhDBIOMED

Optical Brain Imaging…

MeltemIzzetoglu, PhDBIOMED

Kambiz Pourrezaei, PhDBIOMED

InfrascannerTM

Life Saving…

…Solutions

Pediatric Monitoring>> Functional Optical Brain Imaging Sensor

Near Infrared Based Platform

MeltemIzzetoglu, PhDBIOMED

Banu Onaral, PhDBIOMED

Harel Rosen, MDNeonatology, CHOP

Arye Rosen, PhDBIOMED

Kambiz Pourrezaei, PhDBIOMED

fNIR Sensor for Neonates

>> Assessment of Cognitive Impairment and Recovery Following Traumatic Brain injury (TBI)

Life Saving…

…Solutions

NeurorehabilitationNear Infrared Based Platform

HealthySubject

Banu Onaral, PhDBIOMED

TBIPatient

Maria Schultheis, PhDPsychology, CoAS

Anna C. Merzagora, PhDBIOMED

Life Saving…

…Solutions

Near Infrared Based Platform

fNIRAwareness

Monitor

Banu Onaral, PhDBIOMED

George Mychaskiw, MD Anesthesiology, COM

Patient wearing fNIR Sensor

James Reynolds, MD, COM

Kurtulus Izzetoglu, Ph.DBIOMED

>> Portable fNIR system for monitoring depth of anesthesia to prevent awareness during surgery

Depth of Anesthesia

Kambiz Pourrezaei, PhDBIOMED

Meltemİzzetoğlu, Ph.D BIOMED

Optical Brain Imaging…

…Solutions

Cognitive AgingNear Infrared Based Platform

Banu Onaral, PhDBIOMED

KurtulusIzzetogluBIOMED

Roee HoltzerAlbert Einstein CoM

MeltemIzzetoglu, PhDBIOMED

Joe Verghese, MBBS, MSAlbert Einstein, CoM

fNIR

Subject wearing fNIR during attention task

Brain activity monitor while walking

>> Assessment of cognitive functions in natural settings

Optical Brain Imaging…

…Solutions

Autism, Schizophrenia…

Near Infrared Based Platform

Drexel Optical Brain Imaging Team

Scott Bunce, PhDPsychiatry, Penn State University COM

Personality and psychiatric disorders...

Functional Optical Brain Imaging Sensor

Banu Onaral, PhDBIOMED

Kambiz Pourrezaei, PhDBIOMED

Optical Brain Imaging…

…Solutions

ALS, Spinal Cord Injury, ParalysisNear Infrared Based Platform

Terry Heiman-Patterson, MDNeurology, COM

Banu Onaral, PhDBIOMED

Target Patient Population:• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)• Spinal Cord Injuries/Paralysis • Cerebral Palsy, Muscular Dystrophy • Brainstem Stroke, and others…

Hasan Ayaz, PhDBIOMED

Patricia Shewokis, PhDNursing, CoNHP

>> Brain Computer Interface (BCI)

WWW.BIOMED.DREXEL.EDU

Banu Onaral3141 Chestnut StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19104Phone: 215-895-2215Fax: 215-895-4983Email: banu.onaral@drexel.edu

Thank you!

Human Performance Assessment

Safe & Effective

Piloting

Air Traffic Controller

Cognitive Workload Monitor

UAV Ground Operator

Training and Workload Monitor

Pilot

Expertise Development

Monitor

Brain Activity

MonitorCrew can manage & maintain high levels of cognitive information processing

Portable brain imaging technology can “bring more of brain on task”*

S a f e & e f f e c t i v e p e r f o r m a n c e

*DARPA: Dylan Schmorrow, Ph.D. LCDR, MSC, US Navy, Program Manager, ITO

Air Traffic Controller

FAA Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) Study

Similar to SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) Program

ATC part-task

Communication type: Voice Comm and Data Comm

Workload manipulated by number of aircrafts in the sector: n= 6,12,18

16-channel fNIR sensor

UAV Safe Piloting

Integration of the functional brain monitoring system with training procedures ground control systems

objective measure of expertise level to validate adequate training

real-time monitor of mental workload

safe operation of UAVs…

US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) The Telemedicine & Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC)