Java For Testers Training Day · 2017-06-01 · Introduction A 'hands off' section where we learn...

Java For Testers Training DayAlan Richardson

Compendium Developments

uk.linkedin.com/in/eviltester

Contact Alan

http://compendiumdev.co.uk/contact

Blogs and Websites

CompendiumDev.co.uk

SeleniumSimplified.com

EvilTester.com

JavaForTesters.com

SECTION: Course Logistics

Course LogisticsOverview of the course structure and discuss any particular items toadd.

Initial Day StructureLogistics

Introduction

Basics

'Complex' ideas

Java Libraries

Issues & Questions

'pull' to get the most from the day

How the course worksHands off talky bits

Demos from instructor

Follow along demos

Fill in the blank exercises

Free form exercises

Challenges if you finish the exercises quickly

First: Create Topics ChecklistAny:

Questions?

Issues?

Topics?

Tools?

Try to weave them into the day.

SECTION: Introduction

IntroductionA 'hands off' section where we learn about:

Java For Testers

Why we would want to code in testing

What language should we pick

Some useful benefits of Java

Learn about the tools we will use: JDK, Maven, JUnit

Java For Testers JavaForTesters.com ‑ Book, Articles, Videos

https://github.com/eviltesterhttps://github.com/eviltester/javaForTestersCode

other repos on eviltester github account

/javaScratchpad /startUsingSeleniumWebDriver

/LTGBlackOps2013 /redirectionTest

/webDriverExperiments /bddexamples

/libraryexamples /pandocifier

Status CheckWho knows how to code?

In Java?

Levels of Knowledge?

Libraries? Tools?

Coding in Testing'Testing' != 'Coding'

Coding ability provides options for testingExecution Automation: Full path, partial path

Generation: Data, Scripts

Environment manipulation: record logging

Reporting Automation: logging results, parsing ET logs intoother tools, custom reports

Coverage Calculation: Compare Actuals to Model – RESTAPI calls, URLs against site map : params

Tool Augmentation: Scripting in Fiddler, Burp, FreeMind

Which Language?Tactical – get the job done

Use what you knowLearn more than one language: options

Use what you can:MS Excel VBA, PowerShell, Bash, Windows Shell, etc.

Use what will work: value above experimentation

Strategic – longer term legacyUse what the team use

Use what the 'industry' uses

Why Java?IDE Support

Large Library Base

Enterprise

JVM – multi language support

JavaJDK/SDK != JRE

JDK/SDKhttp://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase

JREhttp://www.java.com/en/

MavenA build tool

Dependency Management

Standard Folder Structure

Java project tasks simpler mvn clean compile

mvn package

mvn test

http://maven.apache.org

Java Classes & Methods Examplepackage com.javafortesters.course.examples.shortexample;

import org.junit.Assert;import org.junit.Test;

public class ShortExampleTest { private final String errorMessage = "Problem calculating ";

@Test public void aShortExample(){ int aNumber=1; Assert.assertEquals( errorMessage + " 1+1 should equal 2", 2, sum(1, aNumber)); Assert.assertEquals( errorMessage + " 4+1 should equal 5", 5, sum(4, aNumber)); }

private int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; }}

JUnit Basicsjunit.org

Test Execution Framework

Annotate a method with @Test

Can Run @Test methods from the IDE

Use Assertions to check results Assert.assertTrue(true);

Assert.assertEquals(1+1, 2);

SECTION: Installation Logistics

(Follow) Have you installed?JDK

javac ‐version

Maven mvn ‐version

IntelliJ‑Run IntelliJ

(Follow) Download the SourceExercise Code

Slides & Docshttp://compendiumdev.co.uk/page/nordictute

Library Examples Projecthttps://github.com/eviltester/libraryexamples

(Follow) Run example exercise @Test In exercise code folder

Run mvn clean test

In IntelliJOpen the exercise code pom.xml

Find the SampleTest.java (Use ctrl+n to find a class)src\test\java

com.javafortesters.course.exercises.e001_installation

Run SampleTest.java from IntelliJ (Right click to run)Run anExampleTestMethod

Run SampleTest class

(Follow) IntelliJ Hints and Tips"Enable Auto Import" when you see it

Use "Help \ Find Action" to help

e.g. "goto name", "auto import"

Project Tool

AutoScroll, Compact Empty Middle, Flatten

Right click for context options

(Follow) IntelliJ Hints and Tips ctrl + n ( cmd + n ) to 'Find Class by Name'

IntelliJHintsAndTipsTest

ctrl + / ( cmd + / ) to comment/uncomment lines

alt + enter – to 'auto fix problems'

ctrl + space – auto complete code

tab – to select an item from code completion

ctrl + q ( cmd + j ) – Java Doc

ctrl + p ( cmd + p ) – show parameters

SECTION: BASICS

An Example Java JUnit Test Class class is the main building block for Java Code

A class has methods which we execute

JUnitA JUnit test class name should end with Test

A JUnit test is just a Java method annotated with @Test

e.g. open the following .java file:

com.javafortesters.course.exercises.e002_example_java_unit_classExampleTest.java

(Demo) ExampleTest.java explained package

Imports ‑ import

public class

Test class naming

method naming

System.out.println

Assert.assertTrue

Comments: /* block comment */ and // to eol

Work through the ExampleTest ExercisesWork through the exercises in the comment at the bottom of theExampleTest.java file

Complete the Installation Logistics if not yet done.

Maven BasicsAn overview of Maven and why we use it

Benefits of MavenStandard directory structure

Dependencies in pom.xml

Easy to update and install

Simple to add to Continuous Integration mvn test

(Demo) Maven pom.xml Quick overview of the pom.xml in the examples project

Maven Dependency Magic ExplainedCreates a .m2 folder in user directory

Uses this as a cache for source and .class jars

Classpath incorporates .m2

Intermediate cache using Artifactory or Nexus

Before hitting http://search.maven.org/

Multiple dependencies in pom.xml <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId> <artifactId>hamcrest‐all</artifactId> <version>1.3</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>junit</groupId> <artifactId>junit</artifactId> <version>4.11</version> </dependency> </dependencies>

Integrated Development EnvironmentsBasics

Java Integrated DevelopmentEnvironments (IDEs)

IntelliJhttp://www.jetbrains.com/idea/

Eclipsehttp://www.eclipse.org/

NetBeanshttps://netbeans.org/

(Demo) Basic IDE/Java Demo/ExerciseHow to run a test Class

How to run a test method

How to set a breakpoint

How to debug a test Method

Java & Maven SummaryPackages organise the Java classes

Java Classes Start with Uppercase letters

Methods start with lowercase letters

Add tests in the src/test/java folder hierarchy

Add Test into the class name to automatically run from maven asa test

Import classes from other packages for use

Code completion, be careful what you import

Basic Programming HintsUse code completion as much as possible

Learn short cut keys e.g. ( ctrl == cmd on Mac) ctrl+n (find a class)

alt+enter (fix code)

ctrl+space (code completion)

ctrl+p (params)

ctrl+q ( cmd+j on mac) for Java Doc

Remove any code syntax errors as fast as possible. Theyinterfere with code completion.

How to learn JavaRead the JavaDoc

Google for examples

Write tests that experiment with and explore the methods andparams

(Exercise) fixBrokenCodeRun through the exercises in fixBrokenCode.java

SECTION: BASIC JAVA

Basic Java'the minimum you need to get work done'

We'll go through this fast, doing a few exercises as we run

Basic JavaClasses public class ClassName{ … }

Packages import com.company.product.stuff;

Methods methodName(int param1){...}

Comments // line /* span lines */ /** Javadoc **/

Statements endAStatementWithSemiColon();

SUBSECTION: BASIC JAVA ‑Primitives, Statements and Variables

Primitive Typespublic class PrimitiveTypes {

boolean aBool = true; // or false 1 bit char aChar = 'a'; // 2 bytes \u0000 to \uFFFF int anInt = 123; // 4 bytes, signed short aShort = 123; // 2 bytes, signed byte aByte = 100; // 1 byte, signed long aLong=100L; // 8 bytes int aHexValue = 0X64; // 100 byte aBinaryDigit = 0b00000001; // 0b ‐ needs Java 1.7 float aFloat = 100.0f; // 4 bytes for a float double aDouble = 3.12d; // 8 bytes for a double}

see package com.javafortesters.course.examples.basicexamples

Operators

Symbols Type

+ , ‐ Additive

* , / , % Multiplicative

() Precedence

e.g. see OperatorsExampleTest.java in packagecom.javafortesters.course.examples.basicexamples

Assert.assertEquals(4, 2+2);int nine = 3*3;Assert.assertEquals(9, nine);

Statements and Variablespublic class StatementsVariablesTest {

public final int aFieldVariable = 5;

@Test public void exampleOfStatementsAndVariables(){ int aMethodVariable = 1; aMethodVariable = aMethodVariable + 1;

Assert.assertEquals(7, aFieldVariable + aMethodVariable); Assert.assertEquals(5, aMethodVariable + 3); }}

AssertAssert.assertTrue("message", actual);Assert.assertEquals("message", expected, actual);

"message" is optional

e.g. see assertExamples in com.javafortesters.course.examples.basicexamples

Show range of asserts using code completion

(Exercise) Statements and Variables Exercises

See PrimitiveTypesVariablesOperatorsTest.java

SUBSECTION: BASIC JAVA ‑ Objects,Strings, Primitive Wrapper Classes

Objects and StringsJava is an Object‑oriented language

Objects are instantiated Classes

Objects have methods that we call to do stuff

Classes have static methods we can call without instantiatingthe class

Strings are a commonly used object

see ExampleClass and ExampleClassTest in com.javafortesters.course.examples.classexamples

Primitive Wrapper ClassesThere are Classes that wrap primitives

public class PrimitiveWrapperObjects { Integer anInteger = 100; // new Integer(100); Boolean aBoolean = true; // new Boolean(true); Character aChar = 'a'; // new Character('a'); Long aLong = 1L; // you need the L Float aFloat = 1.0f; // you need the F String aString = "abc";

// by default 1.0 is double (the d is optional) Double aDouble = 1.0d; // primitive types can not be null String aNullString = null;}

Primitive Wrapper Classes StaticMethods

Instantiate (but be careful with comparison), Autoboxing

Mostly use Primitive Wrappers for static methods

Can call static methods without instantiating class e.g. Integer.toString(10)

Returns "10" , converting an int to a String

Use code completion to see static methods

Use JavaDoc to understand static methods

see PrimitiveWrapperObjectsTest

String BasicsInstantiate string variables with a String literal

String myName = "Bob Dobbs";String emptyString = "";String nullString;

String literals are String objects

String is an object, so has methods e.g.

"Bob Dobbs".length()

Concatenate String with + e.g.

String bobName = "Bob" + " " + "Dobbs";

(Exercise) Primitive Wrapper Classes &String Exercises

Explore the wrapper objects and methods on those e.g.instantiate,

use code completion,

Autoboxing,

static methods on Wrapper Classes

PrimitiveWrapperStringClassesTest

SUBSECTION: BASIC JAVA ‑ ReturnValues and Conditions

Returning Values and Making DecisionsOur code needs to do more than

Call the existing methods on existing classes

Call methods in sequence

We want to

return values from methods

make decisions and do one thing or another

Methods with return valuesprivate void aVoidMethod(){}

void means no return value

Methods can return an Object or a primitive

private int sumTwoNumbers(int a, int b){ return a+b;}

see ReturnValuesAndConditionsTest

Logical Operators

Operator Category

< , <= , > , >= Comparison

== , != Equality

& , ̂ , ! Bitwise

?: Conditional (x ? y : z)

&& , || Boolean and or

() Precedence

Conditionals && Comparisons (If/else)if((a && b)|| c){ // do something}else{ // do something else}

@Testpublic void anIf(){ int a = 2, b = 3, c = 1;

if((a+c)== b){ System.out.println("equal"); }else{ System.out.println("not equal"); }}

Conditionals && Comparisons (Switch)switch(thing){case 1: // do something break;default: // do default thing break;}

Conditionals && Comparisons (Ternary)d = a ? b : c;

Ternary ‑ If a then b else c

(Demo) Using IntelliJ to write methodcode

Create an @Test method

Assert.assertEquals(9,canMultiply(3,3));

Use alt+enter to create the canMultiply method

Write the code to return multiplied value

Run Test

(Exercise) Conditional Exerciseswork through the exercises in ConditionsAndLogicalOperatorsTest.java

SUBSECTION: BASIC JAVA ‑ Classes,Methods, Constructors

Classes, Methods, Constructors ‑ see ExampleClass

public class ExampleClass {…}

Constructor ‑ method with class name, no return val

public ExampleClass(int intValue){...}

this. to access fields

Instantiate

ExampleClass example = new ExampleClass(32);

Method

public void setIntValue(int value){...}

Classespublic class ExampleClass {…}

Code goes within the {...}

Organise classes into packages

Classes are the .java files

Can create private classes inside other classes

Fieldspublic class ExampleClass { private int privateIntVariable; public static final int theAnswer=42;

public int getIntVar(){ return privateIntVariable; }}

Variables at the class level are 'fields'

Field scope: private, protected, public, 'package‑private'

Fields normally private (access via public methods)

Public fields are normally final

static fields can be accessed without instantiating the class

MethodsMethods can return values

Methods can take parameters

Methods can use local variables, fields and parameters

static methods can be called without instantiating a class

ConstructorsMethod named the same as the class

run when new ExampleClass()

Constructors can take parameters

Constructors do not have to take parameters

Constructors do not return a value

Used to initialise the object

Constructor Examplepublic class ExampleClass {

private int privateIntVariable;

public ExampleClass(int privateIntVariable){ this.privateIntVariable = privateIntVariable; }

Using Classespackage com.javafortesters.course.examples.classexamples;

import org.junit.Assert;import org.junit.Test;

public class ExampleClassTest {

@Test public void staticAccess(){ Assert.assertEquals(42, ExampleClass.theAnswer); }

@Test public void instantiated(){

ExampleClass example = new ExampleClass(); Assert.assertEquals(21, example.getIntVar());

(Demo) Writing Classes from Tests DemoCreate new Test Class: DemoClassTest

Add test with assertions below to create constructor andmethod:

Assert.assertEquals("hello", new DemoExample("hello").getMessage());Assert.assertEquals("default", new DemoExample().getMessage());

(Exercise) Classes Methods ConstructorsExercisesPerform the exercises in ClassesMethodsAndConstructorsTest.java

SUBSECTION: BASIC JAVA ‑ Arrays,Loops and Collections

ArraysSometimes we want to store objects as a collection of things towork with them

e.g. Strings, ints, Integers, Users, Pages, Test Data Files,etc.

We can store objects in Arrays for fixed size

We can iterate through the objects to process them all

ArraysString[] anArray = {"bob", "dobbs"};String[] anotherArray = new String[10];

Array methods

Assert.assertEquals(2, anArray.length);

Use the index to set or access values in the array.

// array starts at 0Assert.assertEquals("bob", anArray[0]);

Get the index wrong and you'll see an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

The last index is .length ‐1

Loops for(init; cond; next){...}

for(String thing : anArray){...}

do{...}while(cond);

while(cond){...}

break;

see ArrayExamplesTest | LoopExamplesTest

For loops to Iterate over arraysTwo main forms of for loop:

By Index

for(int x=0; x<anArray.length; x++){ System.out.println(anArray[x]);}

By for each (useful to avoid off by one type errors)

for(String namePart : anArray){ System.out.println(namePart);}

do while vs while do LoopExamplesTest do while will always execute at least once

@Testpublic void doWhileLoop(){ int x=0; String nums="";

do{ nums = nums+x; x++; }while(x<10);

Assert.assertEquals("0123456789",nums);}

e.g. what if int x=11;

do while vs while do LoopExamplesTest while do will only execute when condition is true

@Testpublic void whileDoLoop(){ int x=0; String nums="";

while(x<10){ nums = nums+x; x++; };

Assert.assertEquals("0123456789",nums);}

e.g. what if int x=11;

Arrays

Arrays is a 'utility' class for helping you work with arrays

Arrays.sort(anArray); // sort values in arrayArrays.fill(anArray, aValue); // fill array with value

.copyOf ,

.copyOfRange ,

etc. (see more with code completion)

(Exercise) Arrays and Loops ExercisesPerform the exercises in ArraysLoopsTest.java

CollectionsMore flexible than an Array

Easier to resize

Introduction to Interfaces

Collections'Collection' Interfaces

Common Types: List , Map , Set

Other Types: Queue , Deque

Implementations: ArrayList , HashMap , HashSet

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/collections/interfaces/

Can iterate over collection with

for( String thing : collection){...}

Collection is an interfaceDeclare objects at the 'lowest' level you need

Work with collectionsuntil you need to access by index, and use List

until you need to avoid duplicates, and use Set

until you need to access by a key, and use Map

A collection grows as we add things to it

ArrayList implements Collection

Collection<String> days = new ArrayList<String>();

Assert.assertTrue(days.isEmpty());

days.add("Monday");

Assert.assertEquals("Monday", days.toArray()[0]);Assert.assertTrue(days.contains("Monday"));Assert.assertEquals(1, days.size());

days.remove("Monday");

Assert.assertEquals(0, days.size());

List is an interfaceItems in list stored in the order we add them

Methods, index starts at 0 like an array .add(index, object)

.get(index)

.remove(index)

.indexOf(object)

.lastIndexOf(object)

.set(index, object)

ArrayList implements List

List<String> days = new ArrayList<String>();

days.add("Monday");

Assert.assertEquals("Monday", days.get(0));Assert.assertTrue(days.contains("Monday"));Assert.assertEquals(1, days.indexOf("Monday"));Assert.assertEquals(1, days.size());

days.remove(0);

Set is an interfaceDoes not allow storing duplicates

Otherwise the same as a Collection

HashSet implements Set

Set<String> days = new HashSet<String>();

days.add("Monday");days.add("Monday");days.add("Monday");days.add("Monday");

Assert.assertTrue(days.contains("Monday"));Assert.assertEquals(1, days.size());

days.remove("Monday");

Map is an interfaceMap is a (key, value) pair collection

key is unique in the map put(key, value)

remove(key)

get(key)

keySet() // set of keys

entrySet() // set of key value pairs (an Entry)

containsKey(key)

containsValue(value)

HashMap implements Map

Map<String, String> days = new HashMap<String, String>();

days.put("day1", "Monday");

Assert.assertTrue(days.containsValue("Monday"));Assert.assertTrue(days.containsKey("day1"));Assert.assertEquals(1, days.size());Assert.assertEquals("Monday", days.get("day1"));

days.remove("day1");

An Interface is something you conform toand implement

An interface specifies the methods you must implement toconform to the Interface

Declare class in terms of the Interface and you can instatiatewith different implementations

e.g. WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

(Exercises) Collection ExercisesWork through the exercises in CollectionsTest.java

SECTION: JUnit

JUnitJUnit is the test runner and assertion library we will be using

Don't think of it as a Unit test tool

@Test & @Ignore @Test annotation to make a method a 'JUnit Test'

Class naming for maven 'Test' in name (end)

@Test methods should be 'public void'

@Ignore("ignored because of bug 1234")

An ignored test does not run when mvn test

JUnit @Before , @After @BeforeClass

Run once before any @Test in the class is run

static

@AfterClass

Run once after all @Test in the class have run

static

@Before

Run before each @Test

@After

Run after each @Test

(Demo) What does this print?public class BeforeAfterIgnore { @BeforeClass static public void runBeforeClass(){ System.out.println("START TEST CLASS"); }

@Before public void runBeforeEveryTestMethod(){ System.out.println("BEFORE @TEST"); }

@Test public void thisIsTestOne(){ System.out.println("ONE"); }

OutputSTART TEST CLASSBEFORE @TESTONE

And if I add this? @Test public void theRealTestTwo(){ System.out.println("TWO"); }

@After public void runAfterEveryTestMethod(){ System.out.println("AFTER @TEST"); }

@AfterClass public static void runAfterAll(){ System.out.println( "END TEST CLASS"); }

Output NowSTART TEST CLASSBEFORE @TESTONEAFTER @TESTBEFORE @TESTTWOAFTER @TESTEND TEST CLASS

(Exercise) Junit @Before @After ExercisePerform exercises in BeforeAfterExerciseTest.java

JUnit Usage HintsDo not make @Test methods depend on each other

Use @Before and @BeforeClass to manage test preconditionsand dependencies

Use @After and @AfterClass to clean up after a test

Use abstraction layers to manage longer setup sequences

About Annotationsview annotations '@' are meta data

accessible at runtime via 'reflection'

reflectionpowerful advanced technique to get/amend class andobject data at run time

some annotations used by the Java Compiler e.g. @Override

annotations provided by different libraries e.g. Cucumber,WebDriver, etc.

SECTION: Exceptions

Exceptions && Errorstry{...}catch(Exception e){...}finally{...}

When things go wrong

throw new Exception("message")

Errors are reserved for the jvmWebDriver ignores the above rule

You can create custom exceptions

How to Catch an Exceptiontry{ String nullString = null; System.out.println(nullString.length());

Assert.assertFalse( "null pointer should have been thrown", true);

}catch(NullPointerException e){ Assert.assertTrue( "null pointer exception thrown", true);}

code in finally will always be run. Even if an exception is re‑thrownin catch block or return happens in the try .

How to Throw an exceptionUseful for

aggregating exceptions in abstraction layer

custom exceptions

throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Username must have a value");

Custom ExceptionsChecked exceptions, useful for abstraction layers

public class InvalidUserDetailsException extends Exception{

public InvalidUserDetailsException(){ super(); } public InvalidUserDetailsException(String message){ super(message); }}

(Exercise) Exception ExercisesWork through the exercises in ExceptionsExerciseTest.java

SECTION: "Pretty much everythingnow is Java library usage"

Strings are a built in library "string literal"

String aString = new String();

A String object

String Methods length

replace , replaceFirst , replaceAll

toLowerCase , toUpperCase

startsWith , endsWith , contains

split – creates an array of strings without arg

subString

Explore the methods on the String object

split exampleString aString = "csv,,example,split,";String []split = aString.split(",");

Assert.assertEquals("csv", split[0]);Assert.assertEquals("", split[1]);Assert.assertEquals("example", split[2]);Assert.assertEquals("split", split[3]);

StringString class has conversion 'valueOf' and 'format'

String.format replacement tokens e.g. %s – string

%d – integer

%f ‑ float

String phrase = "She %s that %d + %d was %d";Assert.assertEquals("She said that 1 + 2 was 3", String.format(phrase, "said", 1, 2, 3));

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/Formatter.html

Construct StringsString concatenated = "Bob" + " " + "Dobbs";StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();

builder.append("Bob");builder.append(" ");builder.append("Dobbs");

Assert.assertEquals( "Bob Dobbs", builder.toString());

(Exercise) String ExercisesWork through the exercises in StringExerciseTest.java

SECTION: My First Project ‑ CreateYour Own Project

Create Your Own ProjectLearn how to:

create a new project in IntelliJ

add JUnit as a dependency

Write a test in the project

(Follow Along) My First TestExample/DemoDemo and Annotated Example

Create New Maven Project

Add JUnit Maven Dependency

Enable Auto Maven imports

Minimum viable pom.xml<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF‐8"?><project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema‐instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven‐4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

<groupId>mvp</groupId> <artifactId>mvp</artifactId> <version>1.0‐SNAPSHOT</version>

</project>

Generated by IntelliJ New Project "Maven Module"

Packaging mvn package

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF‐8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema‐instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven‐4.0.0.xsd">

<groupId>javaForTesters</groupId> <artifactId>javaForTesters</artifactId> <version>1.0‐SNAPSHOT</version> <packaging>jar</packaging>

</project>

Dependencies<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF‐8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema‐instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven‐4.0.0.xsd">

<groupId>javaForTesters</groupId> <artifactId>javaForTesters</artifactId>

<dependencies> <!‐‐ Use junit.org to find current version ‐‐> <dependency> <groupId>junit</groupId> <artifactId>junit</artifactId> <version>4.11</version> </dependency> </dependencies>

(Follow Along) My First TestExample/Demo

Demo and Annotated Example

Create package com.javafortesters.add

Create MyFirstTest

Create an @Test method

Assert.assertEquals(2,1+1);

AutoScroll in IDE

Explore JUnit Code

(Follow Along) My First TestExample/Demo

Alt+Enter to show actions when red

Ctrl+Space to show code completion

Ctrl+P ( cmd+P ) for param completion

Ctrl+Q ( Ctrl+J mac) for JavaDoc

Java Language LevelsSet in IntelliJ Project Settings, and in the pom.xml

<!‐‐ This basically says the source requires minimum Java 1.8 and use a compiler that outputs Java 1.8 ‐‐> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> <artifactId>maven‐compiler‐plugin</artifactId> <version>3.1</version> <configuration> <source>1.8</source> <target>1.8</target> <encoding>UTF‐8</encoding> </configuration> </plugin> </plugins> </build>

(Exercise) My First Project ExercisesRevisit other project and work through the exercises in MyFirstTest.java

SECTION: Automating andAbstractions

Abstraction LayersAbstraction Layers are

not a framework

contextual for an application, or an application framework

Essential for:Maintenance

Speed of writing tests

Ease of understanding tests

Java Libraries e.g. java.util are often bad examples

Abstraction Layers CategorisedData

Generic Data Abstractions e.g. email, postcode

PhysicalPhysical layout of your application e.g. pages, components

Navigation across pages

DomainYour application Entities domain e.g. user, account

LogicalUser actions, workflows

AbstractionModelling

Separation of concerns

Logical vs Physical

Functional vs Structural

Interfaces vs Implementations

Data / Entities / Persistence

Functionality / Task Flow

Goals / Strategies

Layers – GUI, DB, HTTP

Example Test Without Abstraction@Testpublic void canCreateAToDoWithNoAbstraction(){ driver = new FirefoxDriver(); driver.get( "http://todomvc.com/architecture‐examples/backbone/");

int originalNumberOfTodos = driver.findElements( By.cssSelector("ul#todo‐list li")).size();

WebElement createTodo; createTodo = driver.findElement(By.id("new‐todo")); createTodo.click(); createTodo.sendKeys("new task"); createTodo.sendKeys(Keys.ENTER); assertThat(driver.findElement( By.id("filters")).isDisplayed(), is(true));

int newToDos = driver.findElements( By.cssSelector("ul#todo‐list li")).size(); assertThat(newToDos, greaterThan(originalNumberOfTodos));}

But there were Abstractions

WebDriver ‑ abstration of browser

FirefoxDriver ‑ abstraction Firefox (e.g. no version)

WebElement ‑ abstraction of a DOM element

createToDo ‑ variable ‑ named for clarity

Locator Abstractions via methods findElement findElements

Manipulation Abstractions .sendKeys

Locator Strategies By.id (did not have to write CSS Selectors)

Lots of Abstractions

Using Abstractions ‑ Same flow

@Testpublic void canCreateAToDoWithAbstraction(){ TodoMVCUser user = new TodoMVCUser(driver, new TodoMVCSite());

user.opensApplication(). and(). createNewToDo("new task");

ApplicationPageFunctional page = new ApplicationPageFunctional(driver, new TodoMVCSite());

assertThat(page.getCountOfTodoDoItems(), is(1)); assertThat(page.isFooterVisible(), is(true));}

What Abstractions were there? TodoMVCUser

Intent/Action Based

High Level

ApplicationPageFunctional

Structural

Models the rendering of the application page

Common Automation AbstractionsPage Objects

Element Abstractions: select, textbox, etc.

Domain Objects

Gherkin (Given/When/And/Then)

Domain Specific Languages

Any More?Create a List to discuss

Any public examples?

Any examples in the room that can be shared?

Natural Language DSLs

"We don't often use BDD, we do often use tools tocreate Natural Language DSLs"

FitNesse

Cucumber

code based DSLs

Cucumber exampleGiven a user ID "1"When a call to the "people" api is madeThen the name of the person is "Luke Skywalker"

Using https://swapi.co/

Cucumber Implementation Examplepublic class SwapiSteps {

private String userId; private String endpoint; private Response response;

@Given("̂a user ID \"([̂\"]*)\"$") public void aUserID(String userId) throws Throwable { this.userId = userId; }

Cucumber Implementation Example@When("̂a call to the \"([̂\"]*)\" api is made$")public void aCallToTheApiIsMade(String apiendpoint) throws Throwable { this.endpoint = apiendpoint; response = RestAssured.get( "http://swapi.co/api/" + apiendpoint + "/" + this.userId + "/?format=json"). andReturn();}

Cucumber Implementation Example@Then("̂the name of the person is \"([̂\"]*)\"$")public void theNameOfThePersonIs(String givenName) throws Throwable { String json = response.getBody().asString(); JsonPath jsonPath = new JsonPath(json); Assert.assertEquals( givenName, jsonPath.getString("name"));}

Cucumber JVM as DSL FrameworkGherkin is a 'given', 'when', 'then' framework

Cucumber is a DSL framework, we don't need G/W/T

Scenario Outline:

* Users exist with the following "<userid>" and "<name>"

Examples: | userid | name | | 1 | Luke Skywalker | | 2 | C‐3PO | | 3 | R2‐D2 |

@Given("̂Users exist with the following \\\"([̂\\\"]*)\\\" and" +" \\\"([̂\\\"]*)\\\"$")public void users_exist_with_the_following (String anid, String name) throws Throwable {RestAssured.get( "http://swapi.co/api/people/" + anid + "/?format=json").then().assertThat().body("name", equalTo(name));}

Hypothetical Code Based DSL ExampleSwapiApi swapi = new SwapiApi();Person p = swapi.getPerson(1);Assert.assertEquals("Luke Skywalker", p.name);

I could implement Cucumber steps using the SwapiApi

Hints for writing AbstractionsCreate the test you want to see

Write the test as if the abstraction layers already existed

So you can:See if it is readable, at the right level etc.

Use code completion to create classes (IntelliJ: Alt+Enter )

SECTION: Java Libraries Examples

Java LibrariesSome example libraries that I have found useful for Web & HTTPREST testing

All examples are using https://swapi.co/ "the Star Wars API"

https://github.com/phalt/swapi

All example code are downloadable from github

https://github.com/eviltester/libraryexamples

Hamcrest SummaryCreate readable assertions

assertThat( actual, is(expected value));

Check that an actual value is as expected

Look at the code to see what methods are available: is , not , greaterThan , lessThan , endsWith , startsWith , containsString , etc.

Read the docs

http://code.google.com/p/hamcrest/wiki/Tutorial#A_tour_of_common_matchers

Usage<dependency> <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId> <artifactId>hamcrest‐all</artifactId> <version>1.3</version></dependency>

in @Test code

assertThat(name, is(equalTo("C‐3PO")));assertThat(name, is(not(equalTo("R2‐D2"))));assertThat(mass, is(greaterThan(74)));

Hamcrest Error Messages

Hamcrest

assertThat(name , is(equalTo("C‐3PO")));

when assertion fails

java.lang.AssertionError: Expected: is "C‐3PO" but: was "bob"Expected :C‐3POActual :bob

vs JUnit AssertsAssert.assertEquals("C‐3PO", name);

org.junit.ComparisonFailure: Expected :C‐3POActual :bob

Hamcrest Error MessagesassertThat(mass, is(greaterThan(74)));

java.lang.AssertionError: Expected: is a value greater than <74> but: <73> was less than <74>

vs JUnit AssertsAssert.assertTrue(mass > 74);

java.lang.AssertionError at org.junit.Assert.fail(Assert.java:86) at org.junit.Assert.assertTrue(Assert.java:41)

Use message in JUnit for readability

Assert. assertTrue("expected " + mass + " to be greater than 74", mass > 74);

java.lang.AssertionError: expected 73 to be greater than 74 at org.junit.Assert.fail(Assert.java:88) at org.junit.Assert.assertTrue(Assert.java:41)

Hamcrest Matchers CheatSheete.g. assertThat(driver.getTitle(), is(not("bob"));

WebDriverBrowser Execution Abstraction Layer

http://docs.seleniumhq.org/projects/webdriver/

http://seleniumSimplified.com

Maven Import<dependency> <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId> <artifactId>selenium‐java</artifactId> <version>3.4.0</version></dependency>

<dependency> <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId> <artifactId>htmlunit‐driver</artifactId> <version>2.26</version></dependency>

Only HTML Unit driver can be added via maven

Also requires 'Driver.exe' added to pathFirefox ‑ GeckoDriver

https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver

https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases

Chrome ‑ ChromeDriverhttps://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/chromedriver/

WebDriver Exampledriver.get("https://swapi.co/");

WebElement inputfield = driver.findElement(By.id("interactive"));

inputfield.sendKeys("people/1/");

driver.findElement(By.className("btn‐primary")).click();

WebElement output = driver.findElement(By.id("interactive_output"));String json = output.getText();

Assert.assertTrue(json.contains("Luke Skywalker"));

RestAssuredREST/HTTP abstraction layer

https://code.google.com/p/rest‑assured/

Easier and more reliable than apache http clienthttps://hc.apache.org/

see alsohttp://www.compendiumdev.co.uk/page/tracksrestapibook

Simple Maven Dependency<dependency> <groupId>io.rest‐assured</groupId> <artifactId>rest‐assured</artifactId> <version>3.0.3</version></dependency>

ExampleRestAssured. get("http://swapi.co/api/people/1/?format=json"). then(). assertThat(). body("name", equalTo("Luke Skywalker"));

JsonPath and XmlPath can be usedseparatelyResponse response = RestAssured.get( "http://swapi.co/api/people/2/?format=json"). andReturn();

String json = response.getBody().asString();

JsonPath jsonPath = new JsonPath(json);

Assert.assertEquals( "C‐3PO", jsonPath.getString("name"));

JsonPath convert into Objectprivate class Person{ public String name; public int mass;}

JsonPath conversion

Person c3po = new JsonPath(json). getObject("$", Person.class);Assert.assertEquals( "C‐3PO", c3po.name);

JSoupHTML Parser

Can GET/POST/DELETE etc. using HTTP

http://jsoup.org/

Maven Dependency<dependency> <groupId>org.jsoup</groupId> <artifactId>jsoup</artifactId> <version>1.10.2</version></dependency>

ExampleDocument doc = Jsoup.connect( "http://swapi.co/api/people/1/?format=json"). ignoreContentType(true). get();

String json = doc.text();

Assert.assertTrue(json.contains("Luke Skywalker"));

JSoup does not have JSon parsing or XML parsing, would use adifferent library for that.

GSonSimple JSON parser

https://code.google.com/p/google‑gson/

can covert to/from JSON to objects

Generic GSon JSON conversion into MapIf swapidata String contains

{"name":"C‐3PO", "mass":"75"}

Gson gson = new Gson();Map m = gson.fromJson(swapidata, Map.class);

String name = (String)m.get("name");int mass = Integer.parseInt((String)m.get("mass"));

JSON conversion into Objectprivate class Person{ public String name; public int mass;}

Gson gson = new Gson();Person c3po = gson.fromJson(swapidata, Person.class); Assert.assertEquals("C‐3PO", c3po.name);

SECTION: More Complex Ideas &&'Advanced' Stuff

Interfaces & InheritanceComposition vs inheritance

"Can do" vs "Is A"

Code to interfaces as much as possible

Use Interfaces to 'limit' decisions available to the coder

Abstract classes – define some behaviour for code reuse

For Demo – use Collections as example

EnumsA set of constants

… with methods

For exercises see HouseDoorStateTest.java

Enum as constantspublic enum DoorState { OPEN, AJAR, CLOSED}

DoorState kitchenDoorState = DoorState.AJAR;

Assert.assertTrue(canOpenDoor(kitchenDoorState));

Enum Switch private boolean canOpenDoor(DoorState doorState) { boolean openable=false;

switch(doorState){ case AJAR: case CLOSED: openable = true; break; case OPEN: openable = false; break; }

return openable; }

Enum with Methodspublic enum YearOfBattle { HASTINGS(1066), AGINCOURT(1415), TRAFALGAR(1805);

private final int year;

YearOfBattle(int year) { this.year = year; } public int tookPlaceOn() { return this.year; }}

Usage of Enum with Methods@Testpublic void yearChecker(){

Assert.assertEquals(1066, YearOfBattle.HASTINGS.tookPlaceOn()); Assert.assertEquals(1415, YearOfBattle.AGINCOURT.tookPlaceOn()); Assert.assertEquals(1805, YearOfBattle.TRAFALGAR.tookPlaceOn());

for(YearOfBattle battle : YearOfBattle.values()){ System.out.println( String.format( "The Battle of %s took place in %d", battle, battle.tookPlaceOn())); }}

Dependency InjectionPass 'it' in to the constructor

Inversion of Controlgiven it, rather than create it

Given a means to locate 'it', rather than create it

parameters with interfaces

Dependency Injection Exampleimagine a RandomUser class

new RandomUser()

RandomUser couldcreate a new RandomDataGenerator()

be passed a RandomDataGenerator e.g. newRandomUser(datagen)

which offers more flexibility?

which is easier to test?

Tipspass in Objects via constructor

code to Interfaces for Paramaters e.g. List instead of ArrayList

SECTION: Resources

Official DocsIn built JavaDocs (ctrl+q) (ctrl+j)

Official Java Tutorialshttp://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/index.html

API Docshttp://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/

Online resourceshttp://JavaForTesters.com

http://www.infoq.com/java/

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/java

https://home.java.net/

http://www.javaworld.com/

http://www.theserverside.com/

Books to Learn More JavaJava For Testers

https://github.com/eviltester/javaForTestersCode

by Alan Richardson

Effective Javaby Joshua Bloch

Implementation Patternsby Kent Beck

Growing Object‑Oriented Software, Guided by Testsby Steve Freeman and Nat Pryce

Books to Learn Architecture & PatternsRefactoring

By Martin Fowler

Domain Driven DesignBy Eric Evans

Design PatternsBy Gamma, Helm, Johnson, Vlissides

SECTION: Any Final Issues &Questions

About Alan Richardsonwww.compendiumdev.co.uk

Blogs: javafortesters.com, seleniumsimplified.com, eviltester.com,testerhq.com

Linkedin ‑ @eviltester

Twitter ‑ @eviltester

Instagram ‑ @eviltester

Facebook ‑ @eviltester

Youtube ‑ EvilTesterVideos

Pinterest ‑ @eviltester

Github ‑ @eviltester

BIOAlan is a test consultant who enjoys testing at a technical level usingtechniques from psychotherapy and computer science. In his sparetime Alan is currently programming a multi‑user text adventure gameand some buggy JavaScript games in the style of the CascadeCassette 50. Alan is the author of the books "Dear Evil Tester", "JavaFor Testers" and "Automating and Testing a REST API". Alan's mainwebsite is compendiumdev.co.uk and he blogs at blog.eviltester.com

Bonus Slides

More IDE/Java Demo/ExerciseHow to run a test Class

How to run a test method

How to set a breakpoint

How to debug a test Method

How to use evaluate

How to use terminal

How to use local version control

IntelliJ Hints and TipsEvaluate Expression

In Debug mode use Evaluate to experiment with code constructsin situ.

e.g. when experimenting with library methods

Can sometimes recompile and hot swap the code into therunning debug session.

IntelliJ Hints and TipsLocal Version Control is useful if you mess up

Version control → [ local changes ]

Right click → Local History \ Show HistoryDiff, revert

BONUS SECTION: File Processing

Files File

A file object

Methods to check attributes, get paths etc.

Static methods for file manipulation: copy, move

.get() Create paths easily

File@Testpublic void writeTemporaryFile() throws IOException {

File tempFile = File.createTempFile("example", ".txt");

FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(tempFile);

for(int x=0;x<100;x++) { writer.write( String.format("%s%n", "user" + System.nanoTime())); }

writer.close();

System.out.println("check file at " + tempFile.getAbsolutePath());}

Writers & ReadersPrintWriter ‑ like System.out.println

.println

BufferedWriter – more efficient buffered writingFileWriter – raw writer

.write

Remember to .close writers

BufferedReaderFileReader

readLine() // returns null when nothing left to read

(Exercise) File ExercisesWork through the exercises in FileExerciseTest.java

BONUS SECTION: Math and CurrencyHandling

Math & BigDecimal Float is not useful for currency calculation due to rounding

Use BigDecimal for currency calculationsHas methods for subtract, add, multiply etc.

Math. has static methods that can help with math calculations

(Exercise) Math ExercisesWork through the exercises in MathExerciseTest.java

BONUS SECTION: Misc

ReflectionUsed by

JUnit, Cucumber, WebDriver PageFactory, etc.

Understand it, so we understand how our tools work

Used to "Test the untestable"

Custom Annotation Usage

More Advanced StuffRegular Expressions

.matches

Annotations

Concurrency

Generics

Collections

Can discuss if required

Apache CXFhttp://cxf.apache.org/

WebClient

XML Parser

Wrapper around Apache HttpClient

BONUS SECTION: Dates, Calendars,Time

Dates System.currentTimeMillis()

I use this for GUIDs and timestamps a lot

Before/After comparisons

SimpleDateFormat

String representation and parsing

Calendar

For working with date fields

CurrentTimeMillis & nanoTime@Testpublic void millis(){

long start = System.currentTimeMillis();

for(int x=0; x<1000; x++){ System.out.println( "user"+System.currentTimeMillis()); }

long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); System.out.println(String.format( "It took %d seconds and %d milliseconds", (end‐start)/1000, end‐start));}

Useful for simple name, guid, and email generation

Useful for simple time duration calculations

Date Date now = new Date();

Date then = new Date(0L);

for 01/01/1970

.getTime()

date in milliseconds

.setTime(long)

set the time from milliseconds

.after(date) , .before(date) Simple date comparison

SimpleDateFormatFormat a Date as a string

Date date = new Date(0L); // 1st January 00:00 1970

SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat();

sdf.applyPattern("MM/dd/yyyy");

Assert.assertEquals("01/01/1970", sdf.format(date));

Calendar .getInstance() to create calendar for today

Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();cal.setTime(new Date(0L));cal.set(1971, 0, 2); // 2nd Jan 1971

Cal.add(Calendar.DATE, 1); // now 3rd Jan

Assert.assertTrue(Calendar.JANUARY == cal.get(Calendar.MONTH));Assert.assertTrue(1971 == cal.get(Calendar.YEAR));Assert.assertTrue(3 == cal.get(Calendar.DATE));

Calendar .set

Change a date by adding or subracting a certain numberfrom a field

Add or subtract a certain number from a field withoutaffecting the rest of the date

(Exercises) Date ExercisesWork through the exercises in DateExercisesTest.java

BONUS SECTION: Random Data

Random Data Random r = new Random()

r.nextInt() // A random int

r.nextInt(limit) // 0 to limit

r.nextDouble() // 0.0 to 1.0

r.nextFloat() // >= 0.0 and < 1.0

r.nextBoolean()

Random r = new Random(longSeed)

Might be important for test repeatability

Random Data@Testpublic void newRandomIntExample(){

Random r = new Random();

Assert.assertTrue(r.nextInt()>=Integer.MIN_VALUE); Assert.assertTrue(r.nextInt()<=Integer.MAX_VALUE);

Assert.assertTrue(r.nextInt(24)<24); Assert.assertTrue(r.nextInt(24)>=0);}

(Exercise) Random Data ExercisesWork through the exercises in RandomExercisesTest.java

BONUS SECTION: Other Libraries

TestNGJUnit competitor

http://testng.org/doc/index.html

People often prefer it for parallelism, @DataProvider, Taggingetc.

I'd use Cucumber for much of the above

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