Post on 24-Jun-2015
MAX IV – An ultra-brilliant synchrotron radiation facilityOur vision: A Nordic – Baltic laboratory
Åke Kvick, MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden
Synchrotron radiation produced by relativistic electrons in particle acceleratorsVery intense X-ray beams - A unique resource for advanced research
MAX-lab, Lund University, Lund, Sweden www.maxlab.lu.se
On a typical day in Stuttgart…
Development of synchrotron radiation sources
Electromagnetic radiationOur main source of knowledge of nature
Unique beam propertiesContinuous spectrum – Polarized Pulsed (semi-continuous source)
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
5. 1012
1. 1013
5. 1013
1. 1014
5. 1014
1. 1015Flux phot/s/mrad/0.1%
Photon Energy keV
MAX-Wiggler
711
Dramatic improvement of sources
BrillianceStabilityReliabilityCoherence
Third generation facilitiesOptimized for undulators (and wigglers)
Cut-off determined by electron beam energy
MAX I 550 MeV
MAX II 1500 MeVMAX III 700 MeV
LINAC injector
MAX-lab - A National Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchThird generation facility – Lund, Sweden
A large number of beamlines used in parallelCover many scientific disciplinesFree access – Ranking of project proposals
24 h operationLarge user communities
Among recent Nobel Prizes
ATP synthase, motors! Boyer, Walker; 1998Ribosomes
K+ and water channels Agre, McKinnon; 2004
RNA polymerase Kornberg; 2006
How do we know the atomic structure of biomolecules?A key to understanding their function
Structure and Function of the Ribosome
8
2009 Nobel Prize in ChemistryVenkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz och Ada E. Yonath
Gradual improvement of the resolution
X-ray tomographic investigations of microfossils
Experiments at SLSIllustration provided by Stefan Bengtsson, The Swedish Museum of Natural History
Chemical bonding and monolayer structure
Graphene and h-BN on lattice-mismatched substrates
Unit supercell [e.g. 12(C):11(Rh)] is determined by the mismatch
Details of interfacial chemistry important!
?
404 402 400 398 396
N 1
s p
ho
toe
lect
ron
inte
nsi
ty (
arb
. u
nits
)
h-BN/Pt(111)
h-BN/Rh(111)
N2h-BN/Ru(0001)
Binding energy (eV)
N1
h-BN/Ir(111)
Chemical bonding and monolayer structure
h-BN morphology on lattice-mismatched substrates: N 1s PE
[A. B. Preobrajenski et al., CPL 582, 21 (2007)]
Stre
ng
th o
f che
mica
l bo
nd
ing
Stre
ng
th o
f che
mica
l bo
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ing
weak corrugation
strong corrugation
h-BN/Pt(111)
h-BN/Rh(111)
}
}
[A. B. Preobrajenski et al., PRB 75, 245412 (2007)]
[Nanomesh - M. Corso et al. Science 303, 217 (2004)]
N2 N1 N2
”wire” ”pore”
Dynamics: From seconds to femtoseconds Not just pictures – we need movies!
• Growth
• Catalysis
• Fluid transport
• Chemical reactions
• Crystallization
• Magnetization
• Heat transport
• Electron dynamics
Single atom steps and 50 nanometer Au particles control the motion of mesoscopic droplets!
The Lund Nanowire technology platform
Complex heterostructures Nanowire trees
Ref: Nature Mat. 2004; 3, 380, Nano Lett. 2005; 5(4) 635, Nano Lett. 2005; 5(10) 1943, Nano Lett. (2004), 4, 699,IEEE EDL, 27, 323 (2006), Adv. Mater 19, (2007) 1801, Nano Lett. 7, (2007), 2960, Nature Nanotechn 4, 50 (2009)
Perfect Ordering
Nanowire/cell interaction Quantum Physics
A wide variety of complex, reproducible 0D, 1D, 2D, 3D structures!
A great playground for science and well suited for applications
Novel high speed/low power electronics on Silicon
Smaller samples – down to the nm scale
Time resolved studies – From fs to ms and s
In situ studies
Dilute (real) samples
Coherence techniques – Holography, correlation spectroscopy, phase contrast imaging etc.
Synchrotron radiation source – storage ring
Energy Recovery Linac
Free Electron Laser
Need for new X-ray sources
Strategy for the MAX IV project
Most users require storage rings
Both soft and hard x-rays are important
Top-up
No short bunches in the storage rings
Optimize rings for average brilliance (coherence)
Linac driven source for short bunches and high peak brilliance
Spontaneous emission and FEL
The MAX IV project aims at building a second generation FEL
A Linac/FEL program has already started at the MAX 500 MeV injector
MAX IV – Unique design
20
3 GeV ring 20 straight sections (0.24 nmrad)540 m circumference
1.5 GeV ring 12 straight sections (5.6 nmrad)96 m circumference
3 GeV linac Injection + short pulse facility
Third generation synchrotron radiation facilitiesin Europe
Facility Location Start ofoperation
Circumf(m)
Energy(GeV)
Emittance(nmrad)
ELETTRA Trieste 1993 259 2-2.4 7-9.7
ESRF Grenoble 1994 850 6 4MAX II Lund 1997 90 1.5 8.8
BESSY II Berlin 1998 240 1.7 5.2
SLS Villigen 2001 288 2.4-2.7 5SOLEIL Paris 2007 354 2.5-2.75 3DIAMOND Oxford 2007 562 3 2.74
Operating facilities - Emittance less than 10 nmrad
Facility Location Status Circumf(m)
Energy(GeV)
Emittance(nmrad)
PETRA III Hamburg Constr. 2300 6 1
MAX IV Lund Proposed 530 3 0.24
Planned or under construction - Emittance 1 nmrad or less
Compact magnet design - Combined magnetic functions
MAX III – Prototype for MAX IV
An international comparison
What are the new opportunities due to the extreme brilliance?
Very high resolution spectroscopy and spectromicroscopy
Electron spectroscopy – RIXS
A world-class laboratory for structural biology
Small crystals - screening of large number of crystals
Membrane proteins
Time dependent studies
Unique micro- and nanofocussing capabilities - 10 nm or less
Materials science
Nanotechnology
Environmental science
New imaging capabilities
Micro and nanotomography
Phase contarst imaging (coherence)
What are the new opportunities due to the extreme brilliance?
Coherence techniques
Holography
X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy
In situ studies of reactions and processes
Spectroscopy - Diffraction
Studying dynamics
Ultrafast dynamics (fs)
Follow processes in real time
Medical applications
MAX IV
ESS
Science City
Photoelectron spectroscopy: Revolution in resolution and intensity
Core level spectroscopies: Use of energy tunability
Structural studies
Imaging
Micro- and nanofocussing
Applications of Synchrotron Radiation