Transcript of Izradio:Franko Stjepić. About James Cook... Captain James Cook was a British explorer, navigator...
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- Izradio:Franko Stjepi
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- About James Cook... Captain James Cook was a British explorer,
navigator and cartographer He ultimately rose to the rank of
captain in the Royal Navy Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland
prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean
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- ... During the journey he achieved the first European contact
with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands
Also he was the first who recorded the circumnavigation of New
Zealand
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- Early life Cook was born in the village of Marton in Yorkshire
He was baptised in the local church of St. Cuthbert His name can be
seen in the church register He was the second of eight
children
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- Education In 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at
Great Ayton He met his fathers employer, Thomas Skottowe Thomas
Skottowe paid for him to attend the local school
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- First job He attended school for five years After the five
years in 1741 he began to work for his father His father was
promoted to farm manager He didnt seem to like the job
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- Family Cook married Elizabeth Batts (17421835), the daughter of
Samuel Batts, keeper of the Bell Inn The wedding was on 21 December
1762 at St. Margaret's Church in Barking, Essex The couple had six
children: James (176394), Nathaniel (176481), Elizabeth (176771),
Joseph (176868), George (177272) and Hugh (177693) Cook has no
direct descendantsall his children either pre- deceased him or died
without having children of their own
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- The scent of the sea In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved 20
miles (32 km) to the fishing village of Staithes He apprenticed as
a shop boy to grocer and haberdasher William Sanderson Some say
that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing
out of the shop window
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- ... After 18 months, not proving suitable for shop work, Cook
travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby He was introduced to
friends of Sanderson's, John and Henry Walker Cook was taken on as
a merchant navy apprentice in their small fleet of vessels, plying
coal along the English coast.
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- The begining His first assignment was aboard the collier
Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other
coaster He sailed between the Tyne and London As part of his
apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra,
geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy All these skills
he would need one day to command his own ship.
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- Early career start His three-year apprenticeship completed,
Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea After passing
his examinations in 1752, he soon progressed through the merchant
navy ranks Starting with his promotion in that year to mate aboard
the collier brig Friendship
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- Royal Navy In 1755, within a month of being offered command of
this vessel, he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy Despite
the need to start back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy Cook
realised his career would advance more quickly in military service
and entered the Navy at Wapping on 7 June 1755
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- ... Cook's first posting was with HMS Eagle, sailing with the
rank of master's mate In October and November 1755 he took part in
Eagle's capture of one French warship and the sinking of another
Following which he was promoted to boatswain in addition to his
other duties
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- ... In June 1757 Cook passed his master's examinations at
Trinity House, Deptford This qualified him to navigate and handle a
ship of the King's fleet He then joined the frigate HMS Solebay as
master under Captain Robert Craig
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- Seven Years War During the Seven Years' War, he served in North
America as master of Pembroke In 1758, he took part in the major
amphibious assault that captured the Fortress of Louisbourg from
the French after this he participated in the siege of Quebec City
and then the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759
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- Cooks real profession Cook showed a talent for surveying and
cartography He was responsible for mapping much of the entrance to
the Saint Lawrence River during the siege This allowed General
Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack on the Plains of Abraham
Cook's aptitude for surveying was put to good use mapping the
jagged coast of Newfoundland in the 1760s
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- ... His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-
scale and accurate maps of the island's coasts They also gave Cook
his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse
conditions Cook got the attention of the Admiralty and Royal
Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction
of British overseas discovery
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- The first voyage (1768-71) In 1766, the Royal Society engaged
Cook to travel to the Pacific Ocean to observe and record the
transit of Venus across the Sun At the age of 39, he was promoted
to lieutenant and named as commander of the expedition The
expedition sailed from England in 1768, rounded Cape Horn and
continued westward across the Pacific to arrive at Tahiti on 13
April 1769
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- ... However, the result of the observations was not as
conclusive or accurate as had been hoped Once the observations were
completed, Cook opened the sealed orders which were additional
instructions from the Admiralty For the second part of the voyage
he had to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich
southern continent TerraAustralis (a mythical large continent)
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- ... On 23 April he made his first recorded direct observation
of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point On 29
April Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of
the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula he
named Botany Bay after the unique specimens retrieved by the
botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander
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- ... It is here that James Cook made first contact with an
Aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal After his departure he
continued northwards The voyage was delayed almost 7 weeks because
of the damage that one of the ships got by ranning aground on a
shoal of the Great Barrirer Reef
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- End of the first voyage Once repairs were complete the voyage
continued, sailing through Torres Strait On 22 August he landed on
Possession Island, where he claimed the entire coastline he had
just explored as British territory He returned to England via
Batavia (Indonesia- where many in his crew succumbed to malaria)
the Cape of Good Hope and the island of Saint Helena, arriving on
12 July 1771
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- The second voyage (1772-75) Shortly after his return from the
first voyage, Cook was promoted in August 1771, to the rank of
commander In 1772 he was commissioned to search for the
hypothetical Terra Australis On his first voyage he proved by
circumnavigating that New Zealand wasnt attached to a larger
landmass
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- ... Cook commanded HMS Resolution on this voyage Cook's
expedition circumnavigated the globe at a very high southern
latitude Becoming one of the first to cross the Antarctic Circle on
17 January 1773
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- ... On this leg of the voyage he brought with him a young
Tahitian named Omai proved to be somewhat less knowledgeable about
the Pacific than Tupaia had been on the first voyage
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- End of the second voyage He then resumed his southward course
in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent On his
return voyage, in 1774 he landed at the Friendly Islands, Easter
Island, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu Upon his return,
Cook was promoted to the rank of captain and given an honorary
retirement from the Royal Navy, but they couldnt keep him away from
the sea
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- The third voyage (1776-79) On his last voyage, Cook once again
commanded HMS Resolution The voyage was planned to return Omai to
Tahiti But this is what the general public believed, as he had
become a favourite curiosity in London Principally the purpose of
the voyage was an attempt to discover the famed Northwest
Passage
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- ... After returning Omai, Cook travelled north and in 1778
became the first European to visit the Hawaiian Islands In January
1778 passing and after initial landfall at Waimea harbour, Kauai,
Cook named the archipelago the "Sandwich Islands" after the fourth
Earl of Sandwich the acting First Lord of the Admiralty
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- ... He unknowingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and
soon after entered Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island He anchored
near the First Nations village of Yuquot There they spent about a
month and discovered a Nuu-chah- nulth village They traded their
metal for their goods
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- ... After leaving, Cook explored and mapped the coast all the
way to the Bering Strait, on the way identifying what came to be
known as Cook Inlet in Alaska The Bering Strait proved to be
impassable, although he made several attempts to sail through it
Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779. After sailing around the
archipelago for some eight weeks, he made landfall at Kealakekua
Bay
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- ... Cook's arrival coincided with the Makahiki, a Hawaiian
harvest festival of worship for the Polynesian god Lono
Coincidentally the form of Cook's sails and rigging, resembled
certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of
worship Similarly, Cook's clockwise route around the island of
Hawaii before making landfall led to the missundertand that Cook is
an incarnation of Lono
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- Cooks death After a month's stay, Cook got under sail again to
resume his exploration of the Northern Pacific However the ships
foremast broke so they needed to return This was unpleasent and the
people didnt welcome them Some tribesmen stole Cooks small boat and
some other things Cook wanted to get it all back, so he intended to
take the Hawaiian King as a hostage The Hawaiian prevented it
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- ... As Cook and his men wnet back to the ship Hawaiians
attacked them They killed two of Cooks men and stabed Cook to
death
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- Legacy Several islands such as Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) were
encountered for the first time by Europeans His more accurate
navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major
achievement Cook succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his
first voyage without losing a single man He discovered many thing
and helped the greater acomplishment of science
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