ITE RP Presentation (Part 3 Of 3)

1Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)

Designing Walkable Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: Urban Thoroughfares:

A Context Sensitive A Context Sensitive ApproachApproach

An ITERecommended Practice

Part 3 of 3

This presentation… Is a synopsis of the Recommended

Practice Intended as an introduction to

Context Sensitive Solutions for design professionals

Funded by the Federal Highway Administration

Offered as public domain for use by professionals in the transportation and urban planning/design fields, as well as elected officials and the public

Use as desired but please retain credits for ITE, the RP’s authors, and photos and refrain from significantly altering content

Brian Bochner, PETexas

Transportation Institute

PreamblePrincipal Authors

James Daisa, PEOve Arup &

Partners, Ltd.

San Francisco

Preamble This presentation is divided into three

separate Powerpoint files each containing multiple segments:1) ITE RP Presentation (Part 1 of 3).ppt

• Segment 1: Introduction

• Segment 2: CSS in Transportation Planning

2) ITE RP Presentation (Part 2 of 3).ppt

• Segment 3: CSS Design Framework

• Segment 4: Design Controls and Thoroughfare Design Process

3) ITE RP Presentation (Part 3 of 3).ppt

• Segment 5: Streetside Design

• Segment 6: Traveled Way Design

• Segment 7: Intersection Design

Additional Powerpoint presentations are available: A 15-20 minute

overview of the RP An appendix of CSS

background information and many annotated photographic examples of thoroughfare types in varying contexts

The above presentations are available at no cost from ITE at:

www.ite.org/CSS

STREETSIDE DESIGN

Segment 5

5Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)

Thoroughfare Components

The Streetside

Right of way between curb and property line

Streetside zones: Edge Zone Furnishings Zone Throughway Zone (ADA) Frontage Zone

Function and dimensions vary by context zone and adjacent land use

Streetside Zones Example

Frontage Zone

ThroughwayZone

Furnishing Zone Edge Zone

Distinct streetside zones Zone width and function Pedestrian throughway ADA requirements Placement of paraphernalia Public art Buffering traffic Driveway and alley crossings Street furniture and amenities Public space, plazas Utilities and vaults Landscaping/street trees

Potential Elements of Streetside Design

Example Streetside Design Parameters

Streetside Examples

Context SensitiveNot Context Sensitive

Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup

Example: Retail Main Street

Streetside Examples

Example: Urban Core Business District Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup

Streetside Examples

Example: Urban Residential Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup

Streetside Examples

Example: Historic DistrictPhoto: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

Interface with traveled way

Functions Vehicle overhang and

clearance Door opening area Wheelchair access at

transit stops

Edge Zone

Buffers pedestrians from traveled way

Space for streetside appurterances

Functions Accommodates street furniture

and utilities Transit stops Lighting Public spaces (seating) Business space (cafes) Landscaping

Furnishings Zone

Furnishing Zone in Residential Context

Furnishing Zone in Commercial Context

Throughway zone Clear area for pedestrian

travel ADAAG requirements

Frontage zone Area adjacent to property

line “Shy” distance from

buildings Business space (cafes,

signs) Landscaping Seating Building access

Throughway and Frontage Zones

Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

Streetside and Vehicle Speed

Vehicle speed affects actual and perceived safety

Distance between pedestrians and vehicles most important

Improves actual safety

Improves sense of comfort

Buffer width on arterial / collector: 5-6 feet (AASHTO)

Use multiple techniques in constrained right of way

20Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive ApproachPhoto: Dan Burden, Walklive.org

Example: Use of fencing to buffer pedestrians from traffic

Curb Extensions

Example: Mitigating narrow buffer between pedestrians and traffic

Clear Zones on Urban Thoroughfares

Clear zone = edge clear of fixed objects

Less consequence than rural or highway context Lower speeds, traffic

stops Parked vehicles

Not practical in urban areas

Clear Zone(Typ. 20 feet)

TRAVELED WAY DESIGNSegment 6

Thoroughfare Components

Central portion of thoroughfare between curbs Provides for movement of all vehicles Interface with streetside via on-street parking

The Urban Traveled Way

Cross-section Access management Emergency vehicle needs Transition principles Lane width Medians Bicycle lanes On-street parking Geometric transition Mid-block crossings Pedestrian refuge islands Transit design Bus stops in the traveled way Stormwater management Snow removal

Potential Elements of Traveled Way Design

Recommended practice 35 mph thoroughfares:

Arterial lane widths: 10-12 feet

Collector lane widths: 10-11 feet

Less than 30 mph: Arterial and collector lane

widths: 10-11 feet Based on:

Target speed Design vehicle Right of way Width of adjacent parking and

bicycle lanes

Lane Width

Recommended practice

Medians

Thoroughfare TypeMinimum

WidthRecommended

WidthMedian for access control

All Thoroughfare Types 4 ft. 6 ft.

Median for pedestrian refuge

Median for street trees and lighting

Median for single left-turn lane

Collector Avenues and Streets 10 ft. 14 ft.

Arterial Boulevards and Avenues 12 ft. 16-18 ft.

Median for dual left turn lanes

Arterial Boulevards and Avenues 20 ft. 22 ft.

Median for transitway

Dedicated rail or transit lanes 22 ft. 22-24 ft.

Added median width for platforms10 ft. for each side platform

30 ft. for center platform

Recommended practice Min. median width

6 feet for up to 4” caliper trees

10 feet for larger trees

Use a crash tested barrier for large trees in narrow medians or when speed > 40 mph

Trees in Medians

Recommended practice Combined with on-street parking = 13 feet Without on-street parking = 6 feet

Bicycle Lanes

Photos: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup

31Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

Example: Marked bike lane on a street in an General Urban context

Recommended practice Thoroughfare types in all

contexts: Commercial: 8 feet Residential: 7 feet

Angled parking Low-volume, low-speed

avenues and streets Commercial main

streets Reverse angled

parking Consider on bicycle

routes

On-Street Parking

Photo: Dan Burden, Walklive.org

Recommended practice Locate so crossings

are 200-300 feet apart Significant pedestrian

demand Criteria for

unsignalized crossing 12,000 ADT or less 15,000 ADT with

median refuge Speed less than 40

mph Adequate sight

distance

Mid-Block Crossings

Illustration: Claire Vlach, Bottomley Design & Planning

34Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: James M. Daisa, P.E., Arup

Thoroughfare Speed Management Controlling speed using

enforcement, design, and technology

Local street “traffic calming” measures not appropriate

Passive measures: Provide motorist feedback Motorist perceive need to lower

speed Active measures:

Enforcement Physical devices force slower

speedPhoto: Dan Burden, Walklive.org

Thoroughfare Speed Management

Multidisciplinary decision

Requires input from: Emergency services Engineering Street maintenance Law enforcement Transit service

providers Business and

community stakeholders

Planning for Transit on Thoroughfares

Type of Transit

Local Bus

Rapid Bus

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

Trolleys / Streetcar

Light Rail Transit (LRT)

Transit Facilities on Thoroughfares

Mixed-flow travel lanes High-occupancy vehicle

(HOV) lanes in median or outside lanes

Reversible or contraflow transit lanes

Dedicated transitway in inside or outside travel lanes

Separated transitway in thoroughfare right of way

Transit-only streets, busways, or transit malls

Thoroughfare Component

Factors to be Considered

Streetside

Streetside width at stops or stations

Space for passenger requirements such as shelters, seating, trees, lighting, etc.

Accessibility requirements (lift pads)

Traveled Way

Available total right-of-way to accommodate running ways, stops and stations

Lane width to accommodate transit vehicle in mixed flow lanes

Type of running way and separation

Median width to accommodate running ways and stations

Pedestrian access to median stations

Parking restrictions near stops and stations

Bike/bus conflicts where buses stop in bike lane

Additional width for transit facilities versus pedestrian crossing distance

Horizontal and vertical clearances for transit

Transit operations on one-way streets, location of stops, turns

Overhead clearance for catenary power supply or trolley wires and space to mount poles

Considerations When Planning for Transit

40Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Texas Transportation Institute

Example: Local bus route in a High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane on an Urban Core avenue

Example: Trolley in mixed flow lane with raised island stop

Example: Shared bus and bike lane

43Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: James M. Daisa, PE, Arup

Example: Light rail transit in separate right-of-way within an Urban Center boulevard

Bus Stops in the Traveled Way Some considerations in

stop placement Crossing—every stop is a

potential crossing point Buffering passengers from

traffic Space for amenities and

passengers on streetside Visibility for passenger and

police surveillance Street and stop illumination Access for people with

disabilities Transfers to other routes Adequate curb for expected

Example: Compact bus stop on Urban Center street with “lean bar” around street treePhoto: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

46Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Dan Burden, Walklive.org

Example: Bus stop Suburban boulevard

INTERSECTION DESIGNSegment 7

Intersection sight distance

Managing modal conflicts

General intersection layout

Curb return radii

Channelized right turns

Modern roundabouts

Crosswalks

Curb extensions

Bicycle lane treatment Bus stops at intersections

Intersection Design

Minimize conflicts between modes

Minimize pedestrian exposure

Provide crosswalks on all approaches

Minimize curb radii consistent with design/control vehicle

Ensure good visibility

Balance vehicle LOS with pedestrian convenience and safety

Urban Intersection Design Principles

Through and turning lanes Intersection sight distance Medians Curb return radii Design vehicle Channelized right turns Modern roundabouts Crosswalks and refuges Curb extensions Bicycle lane treatment Bus stops Traffic signals

Urban Intersection Design Elements

Designing Intersections for All Users Understand crash types

and their causes Review design conventions

and policies that impact safety

Analyze pedestrian/bike safety problems

Use best practices resources to assess countermeasures for each problem

Integrate best solution into design

Median refuge island High visibility crosswalk

markings Advanced warning signs Street and crosswalk

illumination Advanced yield lines Curb extensions Pedestrian activated flashing

beacons Consistently applied within

pedestrian-oriented corridors

Features at Uncontrolled Intersections

Illustration: BMS Design Group

Median refuge island

High visibility crosswalk markings

Advanced warning signs

Street and crosswalk illumination

Reduce conflicts between pedestrians and turning vehicles achieved with: Pedestrian lead phases Scramble phases No right turns on red when pedestrians are

present

Improve pedestrian awareness with: Pedestrian countdown timers “Look Before Crossing” markings

Improve safety at large radius or channelized right turn lanes with: Low speed right turn channelization Pedestrian refuge island Raised pedestrian crossing/speed table Signal control of right turn traffic

Example Pedestrian Treatments

Example Bicycle Treatments

Bicycle lanes striped up to crosswalk

Bicycle detectors or bicyclist-accessible actuation buttons

Adequate clearance interval

Colored paving in bicycle/vehicle lanes in high-conflict areas

“Bike Boxes”

Intersection Design Considerations

Source: Community Design +Architecture and Urban Advantage

Typical Auto-oriented Intersection Features

Intersection Design Considerations

El Camino Real @ Los Robles – PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTSEl Camino Real @ Los Robles – PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTSSource: City of Palo Alto

CD+A, FPA, and Urban AdvantageSource: Community Design +Architecture and Urban Advantage

Features that Accommodate All Users

Recommended practice Consider

Design vehicle Effective radii Width of receiving lanes

Minimum radius in C-5 and C-6 zones = 5 feet

Use 5-15 feet radius when: High pedestrian volumes Low turning volumes and

speed Bike/parking lanes create

higher effective radii

Curb Return Radii

Curb radii may be larger where:Encroachment into opposing lane is unacceptableThere are curb extensions Receiving thoroughfare is less than 12 feet wide

Improves visibility Reduces crossing width Only on streets with

parking Recommended practice

Extend curb line 1 ft. less than parking width

Curb return radius for control vehicle

Use with bus stops to increase waiting area

Curb Extensions

Recommended practice Generally discouraged in walkable

environments Signalized intersections with high

right turns Low pedestrian volumes Where pedestrian volumes high –

eliminate or install pedestrian signal

Low-angle turn Clear visibility Illumination

Channelized Right Turns

63Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Dan Burden, Walklive.org

Example: A low-speed channelized right turn lane with an uncontrolled crossing. Note the damaged mountable pavers likely caused by trucks.

Example: A conventional channelized right turn lane with an uncontrolled crossing. The at-grade channel through the refuge island conforms to ADA.

Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

Pedestrian Refuge Islands

Recommended practice Refuge islands are used in medians and on

channelized right turns Allow pedestrians to cross wide or busy streets in

multiple stages Consider at intersections and midblock

crossings when one or more of the following conditions apply: Unsignalized location High-volume thoroughfare Crossing is 60 feet or longer Four or more lanes Right of way for a minimum 6 foot wide raised island

Example: Median refuge island with “Z” configuration on a General Urban boulevard

A “Z” configuration directs pedestrians crossing the median to look toward oncoming traffic

This tree must be pruned regularly to maintain proper sight distance and visibility between drivers and pedestrians

Example: Multiway boulevard with refuge islands between the center thoroughfare and access lanes.

Modern Roundabouts

Photo: Dan Burden, Walklive.org

70Presentation prepared by James M. Daisa, PE (jim.daisa@arup.com)Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.Photo: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.

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