Post on 19-Jan-2020
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ISU Research, Programs & Assistance
Dr. Jay Harmon
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State
University
September 7, 2010
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
The ISU Air Quality Issue Team
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Dr. Robert Burns (formerly of ISU)
Dr. Jay Harmon Dr. Steve Hoff
Dr. Ramesh Kanwar, Chair Dr. Jacek Koziel
Dr. Hongwei Xin, Director, Egg Industry Center
Department of Animal Science
Dr. Maynard Hogberg, Chair
Dr. Ken Stalder
Department of Agronomy Angie Rieck-Hinz
College of Veterinary Medicine
Dr. Jeff Zimmerman
Department of Natural Resource Ecology & Management
Dr. John Tyndall
Iowa Pork Industry Center Colin Johnson
Dr. John Mabry, Director
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Dr. Joe Colletti
Dr. John Lawrence Dr. Wendy Wintersteen, Dean
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Sources of Air Quality Concerns
Building
Animal Zone/Ambient
Manure Storage
Land Application
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Objectives
Evaluate Emission Rates
Odors, Gases, PM
Develop Mitigation Techniques
Effective
Economically Feasible/Practical
Extension and Education
Evaluate potential concerns
Make informed decisions
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
What Are We Working On?
Siting model to assist placement of new facilities
Techniques for “as-needed” odor mitigation
Topical application to manure Biofiltration of ventilation air Chemical and sensory assessment of odor UV-treatment of ventilation air Vegetative environmental buffers (VEBs) Wind Tunnel
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
What Are We Working On?
Quantification of emissions (gas, odor, PM) Sow Farm Swine Finishing Turkeys
Green Pig Barn Wireless H2S Monitoring Impact of DDGs on Emission from Swine Diet Manipulation (Poultry) Life Cycle Analysis (Poultry)
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Summary of Current Research
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Analytical Tools for Assessing Odor
St. Croix Sensory’s
AC’SCENT International Olfactometer (measures composite odor using
trained panelists)
Microanalytics’s GC-MS-O (Simultaneous measurement of
chemical composition and odor)
Koziel
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Methodology: simultaneous chemical and odor analyses
SPME-MDGC-MS-Olfactometry system
SPME
Air sampling with SPME
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Prioritizing and matching chemicals in air samples with specific compounds causing „characteristic‟ livestock odor
Simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis of odor
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Finding chemicals causing „characteristic‟ livestock odors
Odor Intensity Odor Character
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Simultaneous chemical and olfactometry analysis of swine odor
Each odor/aroma event has odor character and intensity recorded
Chromatogram Aromagram
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Simultaneous chemical and olfactometry analysis of livestock odor
Trace levels of gases cause significant odorsTrace levels of gases cause significant odorsTrace levels of gases cause significant odors
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
National Air Emissions Monitoring Study 2007-2009 Monitoring of Gas and PM Emissions from swine gestation and farrowing barns in central Iowa
Koziel
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Cross-section of the IA NAEMS project swine barns showing measurement locations
Breeding/
Gestation 2
Breeding/
Gestation 1 S
Farrowing
(Single Room)
151 ft 197 ft
Note – Pit & wall fans on rear wall
Static pressure port
RH/Temp probe
TEOMActivity sensor
Thermocouple
Air sampling
Wind sensor
Instrument shelter
Anemometer
Heated raceway Solar sensorS
Exhaust fan with RPM sensor
Cool Cell
Pit fan with RPM sensor
Breeding/
Gestation 2
Breeding/
Gestation 1 SS
Farrowing
(Single Room)
151 ft 197 ft
Note – Pit & wall fans on rear wall
Static pressure port
RH/Temp probe
TEOMActivity sensor
Thermocouple
Air sampling
Wind sensor
Instrument shelter
Anemometer
Heated raceway Solar sensorS
Exhaust fan with RPM sensor
Cool Cell
Pit fan with RPM sensor
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Summary
Highest quality data (2 years of continuous air quality monitoring) collected at IA NAEMS site.
Emissions and concentrations of NH3, H2S, CO2,
CH4, PM10, PM2.5, and TSP were quantified.
Data will be used as „golden standard‟ benchmark to develop emission estimation tools for the swine industry.
Current Status – reports in the hands of EPA.
Emissions factors may be released next year.
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Odor in ventilation air + UV light = less odorous air
Focus on treatment of gases causing the „characteristic‟ livestock odor
UV Treatment of Odor-Causing Compounds
Koziel
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
18
Concept of odor and gas mitigation with UV
Optional photocatalyst (TiO2)
Odorless and
pathogen-free
air
Advanced oxidation:
- UV photocatalysis
- Photolysis
- induced ozonation
Odor
emissions
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
19
UV: full (barn) scale Less / no odor
Manure
UV
lamp
Odorous air
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
20
UV: lab scale
UV lamp (low wattage)
VOCs/Odor Less/No odor
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Summary
UV is very effective in removing VOCs/gases responsible for livestock odor in laboratory scale.
Significant (up to 100%) removal of odor and odorous VOCs responsible for swine odor
Estimated operational cost of treatment = $0.15 to $0.59 per finisher pig (based on 24 hr/day mitigation). Cost will be less if UV used for several hours per day only.
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Biofiltration Research
Filtration of Ventilation Air
Focus on:
Effectiveness
Materials
Design
Management
Hoff
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Wood Chips Tested Hardwood (HW) and Western Cedar (WC)
50 mm 50 mm
HW WC
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Completed Biofilter wood chips only
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
GC-MS Results for a Properly Operating Biofilter
p-Cresol Shown to be One of the Most Prevalent Compounds Found
at Distances Downwind (Koziel et al, 2006)
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
BF Exhaust vs Pit Exhaust Air
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
5/3 5/23 6/12 7/2 7/22 8/11 8/31 9/20 10/10
Day 2006
Od
or
Co
ncen
trati
on
, O
U/f
t3
SL 1
SL 5
Pit Fan Exhaust
Biofilter Treated
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Results of Research
Biofiltered Room Control Room
Odor Concentration
(OU/ft3)
199±154
62% Decrease
529±394
NH3 Concentration
(ppm)
2.6±3.0
73% Decrease
9.5±3.3
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
As-Needed Odor Control
Completed Biofilter With ByPass Control
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Mitigating NH3 Emissions from High-rise Hen Houses through Dietary Manipulation
To demonstrate the effects of feeding diets containing EcoCal or DDGS on air emissions, hen performance, and production economics for commercial high-rise (HR) layer facilities
Three HR houses monitored continuously for 27 months (Dec, 2007 to Mar, 2010)
Mobile air emission monitoring unit (MAEMU) used for air emissions monitoring
Xin
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Determining Air Emissions from Midwest Turkey Grow-Out Buildings
To continuously quantify emissions of ammonia and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) from turkey grow-out barns in Iowa (toms) and Minnesota (hens) for one year
Data collected from 2007 to 2008
Xin
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Turkey Air Emissions Monitoring
MAEMU
NH3/CO2/H2O Analyzer
PP Gas Sampling System
TEOM Dust Monitors Air Sample Ports
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Characterizing the Carbon Footprint of U.S. Egg Production Using Life Cycle Assessment
Objective: To initiate a life cycle analysis (LCA) of the carbon footprint associated with the production of eggs in the United States
Phase 1: Contemporary Midwest production conditions
Phase 2: Expand it to egg production conditions in other regions of the country and alternative production systems
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Brief Approach
Build a life cycle model in SigmaPro including:
All feed input production
Breeding and Hatcheries
Pullets and Layers sites
Shell egg processing and breaking for further processing
Generate impact assessment data for desired impact categories (e.g., energy use, GHG emissions, nitrogen emissions, etc.).
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Education/Assistance Available
Siting
Evaluation Tools
Decision-aids
Siting of Swine Facilities Using a Community Assessment Model (CAM)
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Siting Decisions
Proposed Site
= Livestock Farm
= Residence
188 ft
51 ft
70 ft
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Siting Decisions Factors to Consider
Historical Weather Patterns % time in various directions and the
relation to neighbors
Current Sources What sources currently exist and how do these
relate to the proposed source and existing neighbors?
Distances are not Equal in all Directions In Iowa, predominant summer winds from S, SSE.
A facility to the south of a neighbor at a given distance has a greater odor impact as one to the north at the same distance.
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Distance, Orientation, and Local Weather Summer, Central Iowa
10.8 Deg
18.5 Deg
7 Percent Time
5 Percent Time
2
5 % from...10 % from...
Depending on local weather patterns,
this larger exposure angle might be the best choice
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Community-Based Odor Assessment Model Developed, Field Tested, Now Being Requested in Practice
10.8 Deg
18.5 Deg
7 Percent Time
5 Percent Time
Considers: Location of neighbors Location of odor sources Local historical weather patterns Distances and orientation Number/maturity of animals Seasonal ventilation rates
Determines: Percent time exposure to various odor levels Impact on neighbors Impact of odor reduction methods Impact of additional sources to a community
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Wind Rose Pattern: Algona, IA March-October, Historical Average
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
135.0
157.5
180.0
202.5
225.0
247.5
270.0
292.5
315.0
337.5
“Wind From”
N
Percentage
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
135.0
157.5
180.0
202.5
225.0
247.5
270.0
292.5
315.0
337.5
“Wind To”
N
Downwind Rose Pattern: Algona, IA March-October, Historical Average
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Odor Levels Used in CAM
+ =
+ =
Weak Odor (2:1 level) It takes 2 Parts Fresh Air Mixed with 1 Part
Odorous Air to Make the Odor Nearly Undetectable
Identifiable Odors (7:1 level) It takes 7 Parts Fresh Air Mixed with 1 Part
Odorous Air to Make the Odor Nearly Undetectable
Using 7:1 Odor Level is Common for Assessment
Nasal Ranger®
in Action
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Putting Odor Levels, Facility Size, and Localized Weather Patterns Together….
We have put together Odor Plots for 12-locations in Iowa by combining facility size, neighbor location, distance, and
modeled odor concentrations
Here is what we get……
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Algona Odor Plot: 1,250 ft Distance
Algona Odor Hours1,250 ft Separation
0
59
118
177
236
2950
22.5
45
67.5
90
112.5
135
157.5
180
202.5
225
247.5
270
292.5
315
337.5
2:1 Odors
7:1 Odors
2,400-hd DPSF
How to Read: If I am a neighbor 1,250 ft from a 2,400-hd DPSF, and I am NW of the site,
I can expect to experience 4% 2:1 or higher odors and 3% 7:1 or higher odors.
Each Ring Represents a 1% Increase in March-to-October
Hours (59 hrs=1%, etc)
5% Exposure
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Algona Odor Hours1,750 ft Separation
0
59
118
177
236
2950
22.5
45
67.5
90
112.5
135
157.5
180
202.5
225
247.5
270
292.5
315
337.5
2:1 Odors
7:1 Odors
2,400-hd DPSF
Algona Odor Plot: 1,750 ft Distance
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Algona Odor Hours2,250 ft Separation
0
59
118
177
236
2950
22.5
45
67.5
90
112.5
135
157.5
180
202.5
225
247.5
270
292.5
315
337.5
2:1 Odors
7:1 Odors
2,400-hd DPSF
Algona Odor Plot: 2,250 ft Distance
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Percent Hours DownwindAudubon, Iowa (March through October)
02468
10121416182022
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
135.0
157.5
180.0
202.5
225.0
247.5
270.0
292.5
315.0
337.5
Percent Hours DownwindAtlantic, Iowa (March through October)
02468
10121416182022
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
135.0
157.5
180.0
202.5
225.0
247.5
270.0
292.5
315.0
337.5
Percent Hours DownwindOelwein, Iowa (March through October)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
135.0
157.5
180.0
202.5
225.0
247.5
270.0
292.5
315.0
337.5
Percent Hours DownwindOttumwa, Iowa (March through October)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
135.0
157.5
180.0
202.5
225.0
247.5
270.0
292.5
315.0
337.5
Percent Hours DownwindCedar Rapids, Iowa (March through October)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
135.0
157.5
180.0
202.5
225.0
247.5
270.0
292.5
315.0
337.5
Percent Hours DownwindCarroll, Iowa (march through October)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
135.0
157.5
180.0
202.5
225.0
247.5
270.0
292.5
315.0
337.5
Percent Hours DownwindSpencer, Iowa (March through October)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
135.0
157.5
180.0
202.5
225.0
247.5
270.0
292.5
315.0
337.5
Percent Hours DownwindMason City, Iowa (March through October)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
135.0
157.5
180.0
202.5
225.0
247.5
270.0
292.5
315.0
337.5
Percent Hours DownwindCentral Iowa (March through October)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
135.0
157.5
180.0
202.5
225.0
247.5
270.0
292.5
315.0
337.5
Percent Hours DownwindAlgona, Iowa (March through October)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.0
22.5
45.0
67.5
90.0
112.5
135.0
157.5
180.0
202.5
225.0
247.5
270.0
292.5
315.0
337.5
Percent Hours DownwindLeMars, Iowa (March through October)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
22.5
45
67.5
90
112.5
135
157.5
180
202.5
225
247.5
270
292.5
315
337.5
Percent Hours DownwindDenison, Iowa (March through October)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
22.5
45
67.5
90
112.5
135
157.5
180
202.5
225
247.5
270
292.5
315
337.5
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Decision Criteria Used
Siting requests with CAM Evaluated as:
● Limit proposed source load for neighbors to 1% 2:1 odors (58 hrs) and ½% 7:1 odors (29 hrs).
● Limit proposed + existing source load for neighbors to 2% 2:1 odors (115 hrs) and 1% 7:1 odors (58 hrs).
● Siting choice judged against all four criteria.
Hour amounts based on March-thru-October hours
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Using CAM in Practice
By Word-of-Mouth, we have been asked to use CAM for helping producers make decisions on siting of new facilities in Iowa.
We caution producers that CAM is not EPA-approved.
Nevertheless, producers have been very receptive to our decisions predicted by CAM. Gives solid criteria for producers to evaluate sites based on potential odor impacts.
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Partnership in Iowa for Siting
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
National Air Quality Site Assessment Tool NAQSAT
National Air Quality Site Assessment Tool
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Background
Mitigation strategies are expensive to implement
Identify opportunity for greatest impact
Select correct management action to control emission of concern
Because of management and structural variability in operations, these are site
specific decisions.
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Goals
Online availability (free!) http://naqsat.tamu.edu/
Farmer friendly
Site specific
Must compliment currently available tools
Iowa State “Air Management Practices Assessment Tool”1
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Laying hen, turkey
& broiler chicken Dairy
Swine Beef feedlot
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
How well current management and technology are
working.
Room for improvement
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
What it doesn’t do
Not an emissions estimator!!!
Not easily used as a regulatory standard
Results will not be quantitative
Scores not comparable across sites
• No overall score is provided
• Tradeoffs will be evident when different scenarios are run
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
http://naqsat.tamu.edu
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
What NAQSAT can do
Scores are as a percent of what the best possible management would produce given the set of physical conditions present
Help producers assess current situation
Provide satisfaction
Help producers in future
Direct management
Direct capital improvements
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
AMPAT Tool
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Helpful Links
Animal Ag & Air Quality http://www.extension.iastate.edu/airquality/
NAQSAT http://naqsat.tamu.edu/
AMPAT (IMMAG website) http://www.extension.iastate.edu/airquality/practices/homepage.html
Vegetative Environmental Buffers http://www.nrem.iastate.edu/research/veb/index.html
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Iowa State University Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Thank You
Dr. Jay Harmon
200 Davidson Hall
jharmon@iastate.edu
515-294-0554