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Rebecca Klaper, Ph.D.

Shaw Associate Scientist

Great Lakes WATER Institute

School of Freswhater Sciences

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

GREAT LAKES

WATER INSTITUTE

Issues of Emerging

Contaminants in our Lakes

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How do they get into our water?

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Opportunity for exposure:

Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Productsin our Freshwater Systems

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Distribution in

Surface Waters

x

x

xx

xx

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Sampling

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Natural estrogens- Industry Effluent

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

   L  o  g   C  o  n  c  e  n   t  r

  a   t   i  o  n   (  n  g   /   L   )

Industrial Process Type

Genistein Daidzein

Lundgren and Novak 2009

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Results from WWTPs

Removalefficiency

Influentconcentration

Effluentconcentration

City 1 95.0 % 1,011 ng/L 51 ng/L

City 2 99.8 % 53,341 ng/L 71 ng/L

City 3 93.1 % 18,009 ng/L 1,236 ng/L

City 4 “100%” 38,181 ng/L Non-detect

Lundgren and Novak 2009

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Also need to worry about breakdown products:

Buth et al. 2010 EST

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Buth et al. 2010 EST

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Opportunity for exposure?

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How are we exposed?

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Opportunity for Exposure:

Drinking water?

Milwaukee

Atrazine, caffeine

Other cities

Philadelphia 56 pharmaceuticals or byproducts in treated drinking water,

medicines for pain, infection, high cholesterol, asthma, epilepsy, mental

illness and heart problems. Sixty-three pharmaceuticals or byproducts were

found in the city's watersheds.

Southern California: Anti-epileptic and anti-anxiety medications were detected

in a portion of the treated drinking water for 18.5 million people

 Northern NJ: drinking water treatment plant, which serves 850,000 people in

found a metabolized angina medicine and the mood-stabilizing carbamazepine

in drinking water.

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Opportunity for Exposure:

Food Consumption?

• Plastics

• Linings and Coatings

• Animal products – fish, other meats• Plant products

• Phytoestrogens

• Uptake from sludge

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Dangerous at levels of Exposure?

Toxic at levels higher than environmental concentrations

•  Salicylic acid 1293.1 13.3

•  Clofibrate 28.2 .01

•   Naproxen 66.4 .33

Drug Acute (mg/L) Chronic mg/L

Daphnia magna

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What do they do?

Ecological Effects

•  Endpoints not necessarily toxicity

•  Chronic low-level exposures

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What do they do?

Ecological Effects

•  Designed for specific action

•  Trigger same reaction in ecological species?•  Cause other problems?

**

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W hat are some effects? -Estrogenic

White Sucker 

Intersex 0% 19%   #  o   f   O  o  c  y   t  e  s   t  a  g

  e  s ,

  a   d  u   l   t   f  e  m  a   l  e  s

   G   S   I ,   f  e  m  a   l  e  s

   P   l  a  s  m  a   V   T   G ,

  m  a   l  e  s  n  g   /  m   L

Vajda et al., 2008

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 A recent paper showed

intersex fish across thecountry (Hinck et al ., 2009)

 73% of the smallmouth basscaught at Lake City, MN

were intersex

From Hinck et al ., 2009

W hat are some effects? -Estrogenic

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W hat are we seeing in humans?

Aksglaede et al. Pediatrics 2009

The effect could not be explained 

by change in BMI 

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Swan et al. Env. Health Perspectives 2000

W hat are we seeing in humans?

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W hat are some effects? Other effects

 Bacteria

  Reduced soil microbial activity

  Synergistic effects of mixtures

  Effects to planktonic bacteria

 Plants

  Inhibited photosynthesis of microalgae  Shifts in algal community structure

  Sulfanamide antibiotics disrupt folate biosynthesis (herbicidal effects)

 Animals

  Effects to tadpole development (triclosan)

  Abnormal development in clams and decreased

  Larval survival  Fish behavior changes

  Induction of spawning

  Drug mixtures inhibited growth of human embryonic cells

  Renal failures in vultures (diclofenac)

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WHY?

 Diet?

 Psychosocial stress?

 BMI

 Chemicals, including environmental contaminants?

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Do not know what most chemicals may do

•  Low level exposures

•  Chronic exposures

•  Mixture of chemicals

 –  Low levels of 2 or more chemicals of same

action?

 –  Mixture of chemicals with contrary actions?

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What can we do?

•  Does something need to be done?

 –   It may only be certain compounds that need

control

•  Removal from waste stream?

 –  Waste treatment?

 –  Collection of unused pharmaceuticals

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Removal from Waste Water •  Varies with drug

 –  20% (carbamazepine) to 99% (acetaminophen)(Gomez et al. 2007)

•  Varies with treatment process

 –  Biological treatment (water soluble)

 –  Solids treatment over time (antibiotics)

 –  Ozone•  Some are not removed with any treatment

•  New treatments being studied

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Collection

Days

2006-2007

-MMSD,

WATER Institute,

Aurora Healthcare

-13, 30 gallon drums

of non-controlled

medicine.

-oldest 1963

-Will this help the

 problem?

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