Is  men’s  out-­‐migra0on  empowering  women  farmers  in  rural  

Mohanraj  AdhikariResources,  Environment  and  Development

Crawford  School  of  Public  Policy

ANU

Background  

Background  

MigraEon  -­‐  livelihoods  strategy  –  disproporEonate

Background  

MigraEon  -­‐  livelihoods  strategy  –  disproporEonate

Background  

MigraEon  -­‐  livelihoods  strategy  –  disproporEonate

Migrants  –  disproporEonately  Men(87%)

Background  

MigraEon  -­‐  livelihoods  strategy  –  disproporEonate

Migrants  –  disproporEonately  Men(87%)

Background  

MigraEon  -­‐  livelihoods  strategy  –  disproporEonate

Migrants  –  disproporEonately  Men(87%)

Consequences  -­‐  family  leN  behind

Background  

MigraEon  -­‐  livelihoods  strategy  –  disproporEonate

Migrants  –  disproporEonately  Men(87%)

Consequences  -­‐  family  leN  behind

Background  

MigraEon  -­‐  livelihoods  strategy  –  disproporEonate

Migrants  –  disproporEonately  Men(87%)

Consequences  -­‐  family  leN  behind

Consequences  on  women  farmers

Consequences

• FeminizaEon  of  agriculture

Nepal  IntroducEon

Nepal  IntroducEon

Nepal  IntroducEon

• 3  countries  in  one

Nepal  IntroducEon

• 3  countries  in  one

Nepal  IntroducEon

• 3  countries  in  one

• Ecologically  diverse

Nepal  IntroducEon

• 3  countries  in  one

• Ecologically  diverse

Nepal  IntroducEon

• 3  countries  in  one

• Ecologically  diverse

• Culturally  diverse

Nepal  IntroducEon

• 3  countries  in  one

• Ecologically  diverse

• Culturally  diverse

Nepal  IntroducEon

• 3  countries  in  one

• Ecologically  diverse

• Culturally  diverse

Nepal  IntroducEon

• 3  countries  in  one

• Ecologically  diverse

• Culturally  diverse

Study  AreaThree  loca*ons  (districts)  

Study  AreaThree  loca*ons  (districts)  

Study  AreaThree  loca*ons  (districts)  

Study  AreaThree  loca*ons  (districts)  

Study  AreaThree  loca*ons  (districts)  

Study  AreaThree  loca*ons  (districts)  

Sample

Sample• Interview  respondents  -­‐  voter  list  (random)

Sample• Interview  respondents  -­‐  voter  list  (random)

• 50%  women  headed  households  selected

Sample• Interview  respondents  -­‐  voter  list  (random)

• 50%  women  headed  households  selected

• 150  respondents  –  each  district

Sample• Interview  respondents  -­‐  voter  list  (random)

• 50%  women  headed  households  selected

• 150  respondents  –  each  district

• Target  to  include  110  each

Sample• Interview  respondents  -­‐  voter  list  (random)

• 50%  women  headed  households  selected

• 150  respondents  –  each  district

• Target  to  include  110  each

• Individual  interview  -­‐326  households  (HHs)

Sample  HHs

MigraEon  statusDistrictDistrictDistrict

TotalMigraEon  status Kalikot Dailekh Bardia TotalHHs  having  at  least  one  male  migrant  member

Non  Migrant  HH

Total

Migrant  HH  percentage

74

35

109

68

71

36

107

66

59

51

110

54

204

122

326

63Na*onal  average  (%)  (NLSS,  2011)

44

Sample  HHs

  Frequency PercentMan 215 66.0

Woman 111 34.0

Total 326 100.0

Household  Head  by  Sex

Women  Empowerment  in  Ag  Index

Women  Empowerment  in  Ag  Index

• ObjecEvely  measures  Women  empowerment  in  Ag

Women  Empowerment  in  Ag  Index

• ObjecEvely  measures  Women  empowerment  in  Ag

• Five  domains– Produc*on– Resources  – Income

– Leadership– Time

WEAI  IndicatorsIndicator Weight

Input  in  produc*ve  decisions 1/10Autonomy  in  produc*on 1/10

Ownership  of  assets 1/15

Purchase,  sell  and  transfer  of  assets 1/15

Access  and  decision  about  credit 1/15

Control  over  use  of  Income 2/10

Group  member 1/10

Speaking  in  public 1/10

Workload 1/10

Leisure 1/10

Analysis  and  cutoff

• Total  score    range  from  0-­‐10

• 3.5  cutoff  point

ResultsIndex,  by  districtsMigraEon  and  empowermentMigraEon  and  empowermentMigraEon  and  empowermentMigraEon  and  empowermentMigraEon  and  empowermentMigraEon  and  empowermentMigraEon  and  empowermentMigraEon  and  empowermentMigraEon  and  empowermentDistrict KalikotKalikot DailekhDailekh BardiaBardia TotalTotalIndex/MigraEon Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No0.0  -­‐  3.49 25 14 6 17 17 16 48 473.5-­‐7.49 48 21 63 19 40 34 151 747.5  -­‐  9.99 1 0 2 0 2 1 5 1

Total 74 35 71 36 59 51 204 122Empowered  % 66 60 92 53 71 69 38 22Not  Empowered  %

34 40 8 47 29 31 24 39

ResultsWomen  headed  household  Vs  Man  headed

KalikotHH  Head ManMan WomanWoman

Index/Migra*on Yes No Yes No0.0  -­‐  3.49 20 11 5 33.5-­‐7.49 38 11 10 107.5  -­‐  9.99 0 0 1 0

Total 58 22 16 13Empowered  % 66 50 69 77Not  Empowered  % 34 50 31 23

ResultsWomen  headed  household  Vs  Man  headed

DailekhHH  Head ManMan WomanWoman

Index/Migra*on Yes No Yes No0.0  -­‐  3.49 4 12 2 53.5-­‐7.49 39 12 24 77.5  -­‐  9.99 0 0 2 0

Total 43 24 28 12Empowered  % 91 50 93 58Not  Empowered  % 9 50 7 42

ResultsWomen  headed  household  Vs  Man  headed

BardiaHH  Head ManMan WomanWoman

Index/Migra*on Yes No Yes No0.0  -­‐  3.49 12 13 5 33.5-­‐7.49 21 22 19 127.5  -­‐  9.99 0 0 2 1

Total 33 35 26 16Empowered  % 64 63 81 81Not  Empowered  % 36 37 19 19

Discussion

Discussion

• Not  all  male  migraEon  leads  to  women  headedness  of  the  households.  

Discussion

• Not  all  male  migraEon  leads  to  women  headedness  of  the  households.  

• The  proporEon  of  empowered  women  is  higher  in  women  headed  households  than  in  men  headed.

Discussion

• Not  all  male  migraEon  leads  to  women  headedness  of  the  households.  

• The  proporEon  of  empowered  women  is  higher  in  women  headed  households  than  in  men  headed.

• Presence  of  men  in  the  households  does  NOT  endanger  women  empowerment

Discussion

• Not  all  male  migraEon  leads  to  women  headedness  of  the  households.  

• The  proporEon  of  empowered  women  is  higher  in  women  headed  households  than  in  men  headed.

• Presence  of  men  in  the  households  does  NOT  endanger  women  empowerment

• Longer  term  migraEon  and  relaEvely  higher  economic  acEvity  boost  empowerment

Story

Thank  You