Abdelkhalik Mosa abdelkhalik.mosa@manchester.ac.uk

https://www.linkedin.com/in/abdelkhalikmosa

What is IPv6?

• IPv6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP).

• IP identifies computers and devices so that they can communicate.

• IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

• Basic IPv6 was first published in 1998.

• IPv6 has been developed to supplement and eventually replace IPv4.

Where is IPv5?!

• In a980, IPv5 was developed.

• IPv5 was an experimental protocol and never widely deployed.

• Number 5 was already allocated and hence the next number was 6.

• IPv5 was also called the Internet Stream Protocol.

Why IPv6?

• IPv4 address space is saturating.

• IPv4 on its own does not provide any security feature.

• Data prioritization in IPv4 is not up to date.

• IPv4 enabled-devices does not have a mechanism to configure a device to have globally unique IP address.

IPv6 Features• Large address space.• End-to-end connectivity without NAT. • Plug and play and auto-configuration.

• Mobility and Security• Mobile IP.• IPsec mandatory.

• Simplified header.• Routing efficiency• No broadcasts • Extension headers.• Flow labels.

• Transition Strategies• Dual stack, IPv6 over IPv4 Tunneling, etc …

IPv6 Features: Large Address Space

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IPv6 Features: Simplified Header

• A simplified header architecture and protocol operation translates into reduced operational expenses.

Numbering Systems

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Decimal, Hexadecimal and BinaryDecimal Hexadecimal Binary

0 0 00001 1 00012 2 00103 3 00114 4 01005 5 01016 6 01107 7 01118 8 10009 9 1001

10 A 101011 B 101112 C 110013 D 110114 E 111015 F 1111

IPv6 Addressing Structure

• 128-bits; eight 16-bits blocks in hex separated by colons.

Site prefix, 48 bits, describes the public topology; allocated to

your site by an ISP or RIR.

16 bits, describes the describes the private/site topology;

allocated by site admin.

also referred to as a token; either automatically configured from the

interface's MAC address or manually configured in EUI-64 format.

nibble

32 hex

Abbreviating IPv6 Addresses2001:0000:3238:DFE1:0063:0000:0000:FEFB

1. Discard leading zeros:2001:0000:3238:DFE1:63:0000:0000:FEFB

2. Shrink down to a single zero.2001:0:3238:DFE1:63:0:0:FEFB

3. Successive fields of zeros can be represented as :: only once per address.2001:0:3238:DFE1:63::FEFB

Another Example

Abbreviating IPv6 Addresses

IPv6 – Address Types• Unicast• Identifies an interface of an individual node.• Used for one-to-one communication.

• Multicast• Identifies a group of interfaces, usually on different nodes.• Packets are sent to all members of the multicast group.• Used for one-to-many communication.• IPv6 multicast address has a prefix of FF00::/8

• Anycast• Identifies a group of interfaces, usually on different nodes. • Packets are sent to the node that is physically closest to the sender.• Used for one-to-nearest communication.

Unicast IPv6 Address TypesGlobal Unicast Address

• Equivalent to IPv4 public address

• The three MSBs of Global Routing Prefix are always set to 001 (2000::/3)

Interface ID

• The second half of the IPv6 unicast address (last 64 bits) is always used for Interface ID.

• A host can auto-configure its Interface ID by using IEEE’s Extended Unique Identifier (EUI-64) format

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Interface ID

• To convert EUI-64 ID into IPv6 Interface Identifier, the most significant 7th bit of EUI-64 ID is complemented.

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Unicast IPv6 Address TypesLink Local Address

• Auto-configured IPv6 address; starts with FE80::/10. • The next 48-bits are set to 0.

• These addresses are not routable

Unicast IPv6 Address TypesUnique Local Address (ULA)

• Unique Local IPv6 address always starts with ‘FD’.

• L bit, is set to 1 if the address is locally assigned.

Deprecated Unicast IPv6 Addresses

• Site-local addresses (RFC 3879)

• IPv4-compatible addresses (RFC 4291)

Scope of IPv6 Unicast Addresses

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Special IPv6 Addresses

• Unspecified Address (::/128)• Does not specify anything.• May only be used as a source address by an initialising host before it has

learned its own address • Loopback Address (::1/128)• A localhost address which echoes back all the packets sent to itself.

• Default Route Address (::/0)• All packets with no routes in the routing table are sent via the default route.

• Multicast(FF00::/8) • Broadcast is not supported in IPv6; multicast should be used instead.

IPv6 Address Management1. Static assignment using a manual interface ID:

• Manually assign both the prefix (network) and interface ID (host) portion of the IPv6 address.

• Ex: 2001:DB8:2222:7272::72/64

2. Static assignment using an EUI-64 interface ID:• 2001:DB8:2222:7272::/64 eui-64

3. Stateless auto-configuration:• Enables plug-and-play networking of devices.

4. DHCP for IPv6 (Stateful):• Automatically assigned using DHCP.

Thank You..