Introduction to Robotics and

Automation

By: Mr. Ferddie Quiroz Canlas

Introduction

Robotics Defined

Robotics is a field of computer science and engineering

concerned with creating robots, devices that can move

and react to sensory input. It is also referred as one

branch of artificial intelligence.

Robotics required a working knowledge of electronics,

mechanics and software.

Robotics Defined The term Robots came from the 1921 play "R.U.R."

or the Rossum's Universal Robots by the Czech writer Karel Capek.

"Robot" came from the Czech word "robota", meaning "forced labor." The play was a great success when it opened in the U.S.

The word "robotics" also comes from science fiction - it first appeared in the short story "Runaround" in 1942 by Isaac Asimov.

This story was later included in Asimov's famous book "I, Robot". The robot stories of Isaac Asimov also introduced the idea of a "positronic brain" and the "three laws of robotics”.

Laws of Robotics Asimov proposed three “Laws of

Robotics” and later added the “zeroth

law”

Law Zero: A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.

Law One: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law.

Law Two: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law.

Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law.

Robot Defined

Robot is a technological system, able to replace or assist

man in carrying out a variety of physical tasks. It produces

an impression of man – like machine capable of super

human performances at peak efficiency.

Robot Defined

Karel Capek

Word robot was

coined by a Czech

novelist Karel Capek

in a 1920 play titled

Rassum’s Universal

Robots (RUR)

Robot in Czech is a

word for worker or

servant

Robot Defined

According to the Australian Robotics and

Automation Association, there is no standard

definition of a robot. But the ARAA suggests that a

robot has three essential characteristics:

It possesses some form of mobility.

It can be programmed to accomplish a large variety

of tasks.

After being programmed, it operates automatically.

Robot Defined

A robot is a reprogrammable,

multifunctional manipulator designed to

move material, parts, tools or specialized

devices through variable programmed

motions for the performance of a variety

of tasks: Robot Institute of America, 1979

Uses of Robots

Jobs that are dangerous

for humans

DANGEROUS

Decontaminating Robot

Cleaning the main circulating pump housing in the nuclear

power plant

Uses of Robots

Repetitive jobs that

are boring, stressful,

or labor intensive for

humans

DULL

Welding Robot

Uses of Robots

Menial tasks that

human don’t want

to do

DIRTY

The SCRUBMATE Robot

History

History

250 BC, Clepsydra or water clock by Ctesibius of Alexandra, a Greek physicist and inventor

350 BC, The pigeon by Archytas of Tarentum, a Greek Mathematician

1495, Leonardo Da Vinci, design of a humanoid robot

1738, Jacques de Vaucanson, android that played the flute and a mechanical duck

History

1890s, Nikola Tesla, earliest remote

control vehicles, Elsie the tortoise or

Machina speculatrix

1960s, Stanford Research Institute in Palo

Alto, California, Shakey

1960s, Ralph Moser of General Electric

Corp., General Electric Walking Truck

Mechanical Duck

Elsie the Tortoise

The Walking Truck

Shakey

Unimation and Unimates The first modern industrial robots

were probably the Unimates

created by George Devol and Joe

Engleberger in the 1950's and

60's. Engleberger started the first

robotics company, called

"Unimation", and has been called

the "father of robotics."

1954: The first programmable

robot is designed by George

Devol, who coins the term

Universal Automation. He later

shortens this to Unimation, which

becomes the name of the first

robot company (1962).

UNIMATE originally automated the

manufacture of TV picture tubes

Unimation’s Puma

1978: The Puma

(Programmable

Universal Machine for

Assembly) robot is

developed by

Unimation with a

General Motors design

support

PUMA 560 Manipulator

Robotics in the 80’s 1980s: The robot industry enters a phase of rapid growth.

Many institutions introduce programs and courses in robotics. Robotics courses are spread across mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science departments.

Adept’s SCARA robots Cognex In-Sight Robot Barrett Technology

Manipulator

Today’s Robotics

1995-present:

Emerging applications

in small robotics and

mobile robots drive a

second growth of

start-up companies

and research

2003: NASA’s Mars Exploration Rovers will launch toward

Mars in search of answers about the history of water on Mars

Application of Robots

Robots in Industry

Agriculture

Automobile

Construction

Entertainment

Health care: hospitals,

patient-care, surgery ,

research, etc.

Laboratories: science,

engineering , etc.

Law enforcement:

surveillance, patrol, etc.

Manufacturing

Military: demining,

surveillance, attack, etc.

Mining, excavation, and

exploration

Transportation: air, ground,

rail, space, etc.

Utilities: gas, water, and

electric

Warehouses

Robots

Industrial Applications of Robots

Material handling

Material transfer

Machine loading and/or

unloading

Spot welding

Continuous arc welding

Spray coating

Assembly

Inspection

Robots in Industry

Robots in Industry

Exploration

Robots in Space

NASA Space Station

Robots in Hazardous Environments

TROV in Antarctica

operating under water HAZBOT operating in atmospheres

containing combustible gases

Medicine

Medical Robots

Robotic assistant for

micro surgery

Military and Policy

Entertainment

Robots at Home

Sony SDR-3X Entertainment Robot Sony Aido

Toys

Classes of Robots

Classes of Robots

Analog

Autonomous

Humanoid

Nano

Service

Social

Locomotion

styles

Legged

Wheeled

Linear

Manipulator

Analog Robot

Analog Robot is a type of robot which uses

analog circuitry to go toward a simple goal

such as finding more light or responding to

sound.

An interesting ability of analog robots is that

they think on their own.

Autonomous Robot

Autonomous robots are robots which can

perform desired tasks in unstructured

environments without continuous human

guidance.

Autonomous Robot

A fully autonomous robot in the real world has the ability to: Gain information about the environment.

Work for months or years without human intervention.

Travel from point A to point B, without human navigation assistance.

Avoid situations that are harmful to people, property or itself

Repair itself without outside assistance.

Autonomous Robot

A robot may also be able to learn

autonomously. Autonomous learning includes

the ability to:

Learn or gain new capabilities without

outside assistance.

Adjust strategies based on the surroundings.

Adapt to surroundings without outside

assistance.

Humanoid

A humanoid robot is a

robot with its overall

appearance based on that

of the human body.

In general humanoid

robots have a torso with a

head, two arms and two

legs, although some forms

of humanoid robots may

model only part of the

body, for example, from

the waist up.

Locomotion Style Robot

Locomotion Style Robot

Differential Wheeled Robot

Snake Robot

Walker

Manipulators

Locomotion Style Robot

A differential wheeled robot

is a mobile robot whose

movement is based of two

separately driven wheels

placed on either side of the

robot body. It can thus

change its direction by

varying the relative rate of

rotation of its wheels and

hence does not require an

additional steering motion.

Nano Robot Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or

robots at or close to the scale of a millionth of a millimeter (10-9 meters). More specifically, nanorobotics refers to the still largely theoretical nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots. Nanorobots are typically devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components.

Service Robot

Service robots assist human beings, typically by performing a job that is dirty, dull, distant or dangerous. Domestic

Educational

Entertainment

Industrial

Laboratory

Medical

Military

Future of Robots

Artificial Intelligence

Cog Kismet

Autonomy

Robot Work Crews Garbage Collection Cart

Humanoids

HONDA Humanoid Robot