Introduction to

Artificial IntelligenceChristian JacobChristian Jacob

Department of Computer ScienceDepartment of Computer Science

University of CalgaryUniversity of Calgary

What is AI?What is AI?

How doesthe humanbrain work?

How do weemulate the

human brain?

Who cares? Let’sdo some cool and

useful stuff!

How do wecreate

intelligence?What isintelligence?

How do we classify research as AI?How do we classify research as AI?

Does itinvestigatethe brain?

If we don’t know howit works, then it’s AI.

When we find outhow it works, it’s not

AI anymore…

Is itintelligent?Does it

investigateintelligence?

Does it emulatethe brain?

IntelligenceIntelligencenn The ability to learn and to cope.The ability to learn and to cope.

nn The ability to contemplate, think, andThe ability to contemplate, think, andreason.reason.

nn SynonymsSynonyms::uu Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit,Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit,

sense, witsense, wit

nn RelatedRelated::uu Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment,Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment,

perspicacity, sagacity, wisdomperspicacity, sagacity, wisdom

IntelligenceIntelligencenn Turing TestTuring Test: A human communicates with a: A human communicates with a

computer via a teletype. If the human can’tcomputer via a teletype. If the human can’ttell he is talking to a computer or anothertell he is talking to a computer or anotherhuman, it passes.human, it passes.uu Natural language processingNatural language processing

uu knowledge representationknowledge representation

uu automated reasoningautomated reasoning

uu machine learningmachine learning

nn Add vision and robotics to get the totalAdd vision and robotics to get the totalTuring test.Turing test.

Weak and Strong AI ClaimsWeak and Strong AI Claims

nn Weak AI:Weak AI:uu Machines can be made to act Machines can be made to act as ifas if they were they were

intelligent.intelligent.

nn Strong AI:Strong AI:uu Machines that act intelligently have real,Machines that act intelligently have real,

conscious minds.conscious minds.

Approaches to AIApproaches to AI

nn SearchingSearching

nn LearningLearning

nn From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems

nn Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning

nn Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning

nn Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action

SearchSearch

nn “All AI is search”“All AI is search”uu Game theoryGame theory

uu Problem spacesProblem spaces

nn Every problem is a Every problem is a feature spacefeature space of all of allpossible (successful or unsuccessful)possible (successful or unsuccessful)solutions.solutions.

nn The trick is to find an efficient searchThe trick is to find an efficient searchstrategy.strategy.

Search: Game TheorySearch: Game Theory

9!+1 = 362,880

Approaches to AIApproaches to AI

nn SearchingSearching

nn LearningLearning

nn From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems

nn Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning

nn Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning

nn Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action

LearningLearning

nn ExplanationExplanationuu DiscoveryDiscovery

uu Data MiningData Mining

nn No ExplanationNo Explanationuu Neural NetsNeural Nets

uu Case Based ReasoningCase Based Reasoning

Learning: ExplanationLearning: Explanation

nn Cases to rulesCases to rules

Learning: No ExplanationLearning: No Explanation

nn Neural netsNeural nets

Approaches to AIApproaches to AI

nn SearchingSearching

nn LearningLearning

nn From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems

nn Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning

nn Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning

nn Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action

Approaches to AIApproaches to AI

nn SearchingSearching

nn LearningLearning

nn From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems

nn Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning

nn Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning

nn Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action

Rule-Based SystemsRule-Based Systems

nn Logic LanguagesLogic Languagesuu Prolog, LispProlog, Lisp

nn Knowledge basesKnowledge bases

nn Inference enginesInference engines

Rule-Based Languages: PrologRule-Based Languages: Prolog

Father(abraham, isaac). Male(isaac).Father(haran, lot). Male(lot).Father(haran, milcah). Female(milcah).Father(haran, yiscah). Female(yiscah).

Son(X,Y) ← Father(Y,X), Male(X).Daughter(X,Y) ← Father(Y,X), Female(X).

Son(lot, haran)?

RuleBasedSystems

RuleBasedSystems

nn KRSKRS

Approaches to AIApproaches to AI

nn SearchingSearching

nn LearningLearning

nn From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems

nn Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning

nn Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning

nn Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action

Approaches to AIApproaches to AI

nn SearchingSearching

nn LearningLearning

nn From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems

nn Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning

nn Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning

nn Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action

Ability-Based AreasAbility-Based Areas

nn Computer visionComputer vision

nn Natural language recognitionNatural language recognition

nn Natural language generationNatural language generation

nn Speech recognitionSpeech recognition

nn Speech generationSpeech generation

nn RoboticsRobotics

Natural Language: TranslationNatural Language: Translation

“The flesh is weak, but the spirit isstrong”

→ Translate to Russian→ Translate back to English

“The food was lousy, but the vodka wasgreat!”

Natural Language RecognitionNatural Language Recognition

You give me the gold

pronounn

verb pronound

article noun

VP NP

VP

NP

VP

NP

sentencew

PERSON:Joe

PERSON:FredTRANSACTION

GOLD: X

REPT

OBJ

AGNT

Audio

Words

Syntax

Context

Semantics

What is Intelligence?What is Intelligence?

nn Replacing the brain?Replacing the brain?

How far have we got?How far have we got?

nn Our best systems have the intelligence of aOur best systems have the intelligence of afrogfrog

What is Artificial Intelligence?What is Artificial Intelligence?

nn We We will find will find out out ……