Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology &...

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation

by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,

Florence-Darlington Technical College

PART A1

Introduction to

Anatomy &

Physiology &

Homeostasis

The Human Body—An Orientation

Anatomy

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its

Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts work or

function

Anatomy—Levels of Study

Gross anatomy

Large structures

Easily observable

Figure 14.1

Anatomy—Levels of Study

Microscopic Anatomy

Very small

structures

Can only be

viewed with

a microscope

Figure 14.4c–d

Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1

Smooth muscle cellMolecules

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

vessel

(organ) Cardio-

vascular

system

Cellular level

Cells are made up of

molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of

similar types of cells

Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Organ system level

Organ systems consist of different

organs that work together closely

Organismal level

Human organisms

are made up of many

organ systems

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules

Figure 1.1, step 1

Molecules

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules

Figure 1.1, step 2

AtomsCellular level

molecules

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules

Figure 1.1, step 3

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Cellular level

molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules

Figure 1.1, step 4

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

vessel

(organ)

Cellular level

molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of

Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules

Figure 1.1, step 5

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

vessel

(organ) Cardio-

vascular

system

Cellular level

molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of

Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Organ system level

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules

Figure 1.1, step 6

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Epithelial

tissue

Smooth

muscle

tissue

Connective

tissue

vessel

(organ) Cardio-

vascular

system

Cellular level

molecules

Tissue level

Tissues consist of

Organ level

Organs are made up

of different types

of tissues

Organ system level

Organismal level

Human organisms

are made up of many

organ systems

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules

Figure 1.2a

Organ System Overview

Integumentary

Forms the external body

covering

Protects deeper tissue from

injury

Helps regulate body

temperature

Location of cutaneous

nerve receptors

Figure 1.2b

Skeletal

Protects and supports

body organs

Provides muscle

attachment for movement

Site of blood cell

formation

Stores minerals

Figure 1.2c

Muscular

Produces movement

Maintains posture

Produces heat

Nervous

Fast-acting control

system

Responds to internal and

external change

Activates muscles and

glands

Figure 1.2d

Endocrine

Secretes regulatory

hormones

Growth

Reproduction

Metabolism

Figure 1.2e

Figure 1.2f

Cardiovascular

Transports materials in body

via blood pumped by heart

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Wastes

Lymphatic

Returns fluids to blood

vessels

Cleanses the blood

Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g

Respiratory

Keeps blood supplied with

oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h

Digestive

Breaks down food

Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood

Eliminates indigestible

material

Figure 1.2i

Urinary

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Maintains acid-base balance

Regulates water and

electrolytes

Figure 1.2j

Reproductive

Produces

offspring

Figure 1.2k–l

Necessary Life Functions

Maintain boundaries

Movement

Locomotion

Movement of substances

Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and react

Digestion

Break-down and absorption of nutrients

Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body

Produces energy

Makes body structures

Excretion

Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

Reproduction

Produces future generation

Growth

Increases cell size and number of cells

Survival Needs

Nutrients

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins,

and minerals

Oxygen

Required for chemical reactions

Survival Needs

60–80% of body weight

Provides for metabolic reaction

Stable body temperature

Atmospheric pressure

Must be appropriate

Interrelationships Among Body Systems

Figure 1.3

Homeostasis

Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal

environment

A dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning

and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance

A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Figure 1.4

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Input:

Information

sent along

afferent

pathway to

Receptor (sensor) Effector

Variable(in homeostasis)

Response of

effector feeds

back to

influence

magnitude of

stimulus and

returns variable

to homeostasis

Control

centerOutput:

Information sent

along efferent

pathway to activate

Figure 1.4, step 1a

Figure 1.4, step 1b

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variableVariable

(in homeostasis)

Figure 1.4, step 2

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Receptor (sensor)

Figure 1.4, step 3

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Input:

Information

sent along

afferent

pathway to

Receptor (sensor)

Control

center

Figure 1.4, step 4

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Input:

Information

sent along

afferent

pathway to

Output:

Information sent

along efferent

pathway to activate

Control

center

Figure 1.4, step 5

Change

detected

by receptor

Stimulus:

Produces

change

in variable

Input:

Information

sent along

afferent

pathway to

Response of

effector feeds

back to

influence

magnitude of

stimulus and

returns variable

to homeostasis

Output:

Information sent

along efferent

pathway to activate

Control

center

Maintaining Homeostasis

The body communicates through neural and hormonal

control systems

Receptor

Responds to changes in the environment

(stimuli)

Sends information to control center

Maintaining Homeostasis

Control center

Determines set point

Analyzes information

Determines appropriate response

Effector

Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms

Negative feedback

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its

intensity

Works like a household thermostat

Feedback Mechanisms

Positive feedback

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable

farther

In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and

during the birth of a baby

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology &...

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