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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
BiologyEighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Introduction: AP Biology
Chapter 1 Major Themes of AP Biology
• Biology consists of more than memorizingfactual details
• Unifying constructs in AP Biology:– Science as a Process– Evolution– Energy Transfer– Continuity and Change– Relationship of Structure to Function– Regulation– Interdependence in Nature– Science, Technology, and Society
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Evolution, the Overarching Theme of Biology
• Evolution is the process of change that hastransformed life on Earth
• Biology is the scientific study of life
• Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity oflife
• “Nothing in biology makes sense except in thelight of evolution”—Theodosius Dobzhansky
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Organizing the Diversity of Life
• Approximately 1.8 million species have beenidentified and named to date, and thousandsmore are identified each year
• Estimates of the total number of species thatactually exist range from 10 million to over 100million
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Grouping Species: The Basic Idea
• Taxonomy is the branch of biology that namesand classifies species into groups of increasingbreadth
• Domains, followed by kingdoms, are thebroadest units of classification
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Fig. 1-14Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus americanus(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
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The Three Domains of Life
• The three-domain system is currently used,and replaces the old five-kingdom system
• Domain Bacteria and domain Archaeacomprise the prokaryotes
• Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryoticorganisms:
– Single celled ~ Protists
– Multicellular ~ Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
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Fig. 1-15(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA
(b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA
(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA
Protists
Kingdom Fungi
KingdomPlantae
Kingdom Animalia
Unity in the Diversity of Life
• A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; forexample:
– DNA is the universal genetic languagecommon to all organisms
– Unity is evident in many features of cellstructure
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Charles Darwin and the Theory of NaturalSelection
• Fossils and other evidence document theevolution of life on Earth over billions of years
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Fig. 1-17
• Charles Darwin published On the Origin ofSpecies by Means of Natural Selection in 1859
• Darwin made two main points:
– Species showed evidence of “descent withmodification” from common ancestors
– Natural selection is the mechanism behind“descent with modification”
• Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unityand diversity
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Fig. 1-18 Fig. 1-19
• Darwin observed that:
– Individuals in a population have traits that vary
– Many of these traits are heritable (passed fromparents to offspring)
– More offspring are produced than survive
– Competition is inevitable
– Species generally suit their environment
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• Darwin inferred that:
– Individuals that are best suited to theirenvironment are more likely to survive andreproduce
– Over time, more individuals in a population willhave the advantageous traits
• In other words, the natural environment“selects” for beneficial traits
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Fig. 1-20
Populationwith variedinherited traits.
Eliminationof individualswith certaintraits.
Reproductionof survivors.
Increasingfrequencyof traits thatenhancesurvival andreproductivesuccess.
4321
• Natural selection is often evident in adaptationsof organisms to their way of life andenvironment
• Bat wings are an example of adaptation
Video: Soaring HawkVideo: Soaring Hawk
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Fig. 1-21
The Tree of Life
• “Unity in diversity” arises from “descent withmodification”
– For example, the forelimb of the bat, human,horse and the whale flipper all share acommon skeletal architecture
• Fossils provide additional evidence ofanatomical unity from descent with modification
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Concept 1.3: Scientists use two main forms ofinquiry in their study of nature
• The word Science is derived from Latin andmeans “to know”
• Inquiry is the search for information andexplanation
• There are two main types of scientific inquiry:discovery science and hypothesis-basedscience
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Discovery Science
• Discovery science describes naturalstructures and processes
• This approach is based on observation and theanalysis of data
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Types of Data
• Data are recorded observations or items ofinformation
• Data fall into two categories
– Qualitative, or descriptions rather thanmeasurements
– Quantitative, or recorded measurements,which are sometimes organized into tables andgraphs
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Fig. 1-23
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Induction in Discovery Science
• Inductive reasoning draws conclusionsthrough the logical process of induction
• Repeat specific observations can lead toimportant generalizations
– For example, “the sun always rises in the east”
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Hypothesis-Based Science
• Observations can lead us to ask questions andpropose hypothetical explanations calledhypotheses
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The Role of Hypotheses in Inquiry
• A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well-framed question
• A scientific hypothesis leads to predictions thatcan be tested by observation orexperimentation
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• For example,
– Observation: Your flashlight doesn’t work
– Question: Why doesn’t your flashlight work?
– Hypothesis 1: The batteries are dead
– Hypothesis 2: The bulb is burnt out
• Both these hypotheses are testable
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Fig. 1-24
Observations
Question
Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem
Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem
Test prediction Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis
Fig. 1-24a
Observations
Question
Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:Burnt-out bulb
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Fig. 1-24b
Test prediction
Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:Burnt-out bulb
Test prediction
Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem
Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem
Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis
Deduction: The “If…Then” Logic of HypothesisBased Science
• Deductive reasoning uses general premisesto make specific predictions
• For example, if organisms are made of cells(premise 1), and humans are organisms(premise 2), then humans are composed ofcells (deductive prediction)
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A Closer Look at Hypotheses in Scientific Inquiry
• A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable
• Hypothesis-based science often makes use oftwo or more alternative hypotheses
• Failure to falsify a hypothesis does not provethat hypothesis
– For example, you replace your flashlight bulb,and it now works; this supports the hypothesisthat your bulb was burnt out, but does notprove it (perhaps the first bulb was insertedincorrectly)
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The Myth of the Scientific Method
• The scientific method is an idealized process ofinquiry
• Hypothesis-based science is based on the“textbook” scientific method but rarely followsall the ordered steps
• Discovery science has made importantcontributions with very little dependence on theso-called scientific method
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A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: InvestigatingMimicry in Snake Populations
• Many poisonous species are brightly colored,which warns potential predators
• Mimics are harmless species that closelyresemble poisonous species
• Henry Bates hypothesized that this mimicryevolved in harmless species as an evolutionaryadaptation that reduces their chances of beingeaten
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• This hypothesis was tested with the poisonouseastern coral snake and its mimic thenonpoisonous scarlet kingsnake
• Both species live in the Carolinas, but thekingsnake is also found in regions withoutpoisonous coral snakes
• If predators inherit an avoidance of the coralsnake’s coloration, then the colorful kingsnakewill be attacked less often in the regions wherecoral snakes are present
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Fig. 1-25
SouthCarolina
NorthCarolina
Key
Scarlet kingsnake (nonpoisonous)
Scarlet kingsnake (nonpoisonous)
Eastern coral snake(poisonous)
Range of scarletkingsnake onlyOverlapping ranges ofscarlet kingsnake andeastern coral snake
Field Experiments with Artificial Snakes
• To test this mimicry hypothesis, researchersmade hundreds of artificial snakes:
– An experimental group resembling kingsnakes
– A control group resembling plain brown snakes
• Equal numbers of both types were placed atfield sites, including areas without poisonouscoral snakes
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Fig. 1-26
(a) Artificial kingsnake
(b) Brown artificial snake that has been attacked
Fig. 1-26a
(a) Artificial kingsnake
Fig. 1-26b
(b) Brown artificial snake that has been attacked
• After four weeks, the scientists retrieved theartificial snakes and counted bite or claw marks
• The data fit the predictions of the mimicryhypothesis: the ringed snakes were attackedless frequently in the geographic region wherecoral snakes were found
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Fig. 1-27
Artificialkingsnakes
Brownartificialsnakes
83% 84%
17% 16%
Coral snakesabsent
Coral snakespresent
Perc
ent o
f tot
al a
ttack
son
art
ifici
al s
nake
s
100
80
60
40
20
0
RESULTS Designing Controlled Experiments
• A controlled experiment compares an experimentalgroup (the artificial kingsnakes) with a control group(the artificial brown snakes)
• Ideally, only the variable of interest (the color patternof the artificial snakes) differs between the control andexperimental groups
• A controlled experiment means that control groups areused to cancel the effects of unwanted variables
• A controlled experiment does not mean that allunwanted variables are kept constant
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Limitations of Science
• In science, observations and experimentalresults must be repeatable
• Science cannot support or falsify supernaturalexplanations, which are outside the bounds ofscience
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Theories in Science
• In the context of science, a theory is:
– Broader in scope than a hypothesis
– General, and can lead to new testablehypotheses
– Supported by a large body of evidence incomparison to a hypothesis
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Model Building in Science
• Models are representations of naturalphenomena and can take the form of:
– Diagrams
– Three-dimensional objects
– Computer programs
– Mathematical equations
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Fig. 1-28Frombody
Fromlungs
Rightatrium
Leftatrium
Leftventricle
Rightventricle
To lungs To body
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The Culture of Science
• Most scientists work in teams, which ofteninclude graduate and undergraduate students
• Good communication is important in order toshare results through seminars, publications,and websites
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Fig. 1-29
Science, Technology, and Society
• The goal of science is to understand naturalphenomena
• The goal of technology is to apply scientificknowledge for some specific purpose
• Science and technology are interdependent
• Biology is marked by “discoveries,” whiletechnology is marked by “inventions”
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• The combination of science and technologyhas dramatic effects on society
– For example, the discovery of DNA by JamesWatson and Francis Crick allowed foradvances in DNA technology such as testingfor hereditary diseases
• Ethical issues can arise from new technology,but have as much to do with politics,economics, and cultural values as with scienceand technology
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