Internet Infrastructure

© N. Ganesan, Ph.D.

Chapter Objectives

• Bring together in perspective various components of the Internet– Network Infrastructure – Communication Infrastructure – Organizations and groups that set

standards

Module

Network Infrastructure:Hardware and Access

Infrastructure

Evolution

• Started as ARPANET• Grew with the introduction of PCs, LANs

and WANs• CCITT (now ITU) was the initial standard

setting organization• Lower level protocols was X.25• Higher level protocol was TCP/IP that

followed the initial introduction of the Network Control Protocol (NCP)

Current Trend

• Global network based on high speed fiber lines

• IPV4 is being replaced by IPv6 • X.25, Frame Relay etc. are being

replaced with ATM

Hardware Infrastructure

• The hardware infrastructure now is essentially a hierarchy of interconnected networks– Local– Departmental– Campus or Enterprise– Wide Area

Networking and Internetworking Devices

• Hubs– Layer 1 devices

• Switches– Mostly Layer 2 devices

• Routers– Layer 3 devices

Connection to the Internet Example

LA Fiber Connection Hierarchy

Source: http://www.above.net/products/maps/fibermaps_content.html

Internet National Connection Example (Cogent Communications)

Internet Global Connection Example (MCI)

Major Digital Line Types

• Lower speed access point– DSL– ISDN

• High network connections– T1, T3 etc.– OC3, OC12 etc.

Digital Lines and Speeds

Line Speed

DS0 64Kpbs

ISDN 128 Kbps (BRI) 2 DSO (B channels)

T1 1.544 Mbps 24 DSO

T3 43.232 Mbps 28 T1

OC3 155 Mbps 100 T1

OC12 622 Mbps 4 OC3

OC48 2.5 Gbps 4 OC12

OC192 9.6 Gbps 4 OC48

Source: www.howstuffworks.com

Speed

• Faster backbones are providing faster access to the Internet

• Internet2 is a joint venture project between many universities to develop a high-speed Internet– This development, however, is very

likely to be spearheaded by the industry given the commercial attractiveness of providing fast Internet access

High-Speed Internet (Abeline)

Abeline Update

Source: http://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdf

Internet Traffic

Source: http://www.internettrafficreport.com/main.htm

Internet Traffic Status in Asia

Source:

Asia Traffic Index

Response Time to Asia

Packet Loss in Asia

Connection Hierarchy

Definition of Terms

• POP (Point of Presence)• NAP (National Access Points)• High-speed backbone network

service

End of Module

Module

Communication Infrastructure:The Protocols

Protocol of the Internet

• TCP/IP

IP Addressing

• 32-bit numbering system– Divided into network ID and host ID

• Grouped into Classes A, B, C, D and E– Classes A, B and C are the ones relevant to

commercial use

• Several IP addresses have been reserved for private and other uses– Addresses used in Network Address

Translation (NAT)– Addresses used of IP multicasting

TCP/IP Model

ISO/OSI Model

Mapping of the Models

Meeting the Demand for IP Addresses

• DHCP• Network Address Translation (NAT)• IPv6• Classless Inter Domain Routing

(CIDR)

Some Application Layer Protocol

• HTTP, HTTPS• FTP• Telnet• POP3• IMAP• SMTP• DNS• DHCP• SNMP

• X.500• LDAP

For more info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer

Transport Layer Protocols

• TCP• UDP• ICMP• OSPF• SPX• NetBEUI• SMB• For more information access:

– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layer

Internet Layer Protocols

• IPv4, IPv6• ARP • NWLink• NetBEIU

Network Interface Layer Protocols

• Ethernet• Token Ring• IEEE 802.11x• PPP • X.25 • FDDI• Frame Relay• ISDN• ATM

• T and E carriers • OC carriers• xDSL• Cable Modem

Some Popular Ports and Protocols

• 80 – HTTP– Web services

• 20/21 – FTP

Additional Port Information

• Extensive list of port numbers at IANA

• http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers

Some Useful TCP/IP Commands

• ping• ipconfig• finger• hostname• nslookup• tracert• nbtstat• netstat

• telnet• ftp

Further Information on TCP/IP Commands

• In Windows XP help, search for “TCP/IP Utilities and Services”

• Access Garry Kessler’s manual at:– http://www.garykessler.net/library/

rfc2151.pdf

End of Module

Module

Domains and DNS Infrastructure

Top Level Domain (TLD) Extensions

• “There are two types of top-level domains, generic and country code, plus a special top-level domain (.arpa) for Internet infrastructure.  Generic domains were created for use by the Internet public, while country code domains were created to be used by individual countries as they deemed necessary.”  

• Source: http://www.iana.org/domain-names.htm

The Three Top-Level Domains

• Country Code Domains (.uk, .de, .jp, .us, etc.)

• Generic Domains (.aero, .biz, .com, .coop, .edu, .gov, .info, .int, .mil, .museum, .name, .net, .org, and .pro)

• Infrastructure Domain (.arpa)

Country Extensions

• http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm

Domain Extensions

• Some prominent domain names– .com, .edu, .org,

• Some interesting newer domain names– .net, .pro

More Information on Domain Extensions

• Some useful information on qualifications, contact etc. can be obtained by navigating through the following IANA web link– http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htm

Where to Find Domain Registrant Information?

– http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/whois/index.jhtml

Internet Domain Growth

Source: http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/

Root Name Server Details

• ftp://ftp.internic.net/domain/named.root

Accredited Domain Name Registrar Directory

• Companies that are accredited by ICANN – http://www.internic.net/alpha.html

End of Module

Module

Internet Agencies

Important Internet Groups

• Internet Architecture Board (IAB) • The Internet Engineering Steering

Group (IESG)• Internet Society (ISOC) • Internet Assigned Numbers Authori

ty (IANA)

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

• “The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. It is open to any interested individual.” - IETF

• http://www.ietf.org

IETF Working Groups

• The actual technical work of the IETF is done in its working groups, which are organized by topic into several areas (e.g., routing, transport, security, etc.). The IETF holds meetings three times per year.” – IETF

• The IETF working groups are grouped into areas, and managed by Area Directors, or ADs. The ADs are members of the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Providing architectural oversight is the Internet Architecture Board, (IAB). The IAB also adjudicates appeals when someone complains that the IESG has failed. The IAB and IESG are chartered by the Internet Society (ISOC) for these purposes. “

Functional Overview of IETF

• http://www.ietf.org/tao.html

Internet Society

• “The Internet SOCiety (ISOC) is a professional membership society with more than 150 organization and 16,000 individual members in over 180 countries. It provides leadership in addressing issues that confront the future of the Internet, and is the organization home for the groups responsible for Internet infrastructure standards, including the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). “ - ISOC

• http://www.isoc.org/

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

• “The IAB is chartered both as a committee of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and as an advisory body of the Internet Society (ISOC). Its responsibilities include architectural oversight of IETF activities, Internet Standards Process oversight and appeal, and the appointment of the RFC Editor. The IAB is also responsible for the management of the IETF protocol parameter registries.” – IAB

IAB Access

• http://www.iab.org/

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

• “The central coordinator for the assignment of unique parameter values for Internet protocols.” - IETF

• “It is chartered by the Internet Society (ISOC) to act as the clearinghouse to assign and coordinate the use of numerous Internet protocol parameters.” - IETF

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

• “The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is an internationally organized, non-profit corporation that has responsibility for Internet Protocol (IP) address space allocation, protocol identifier assignment, generic (gTLD) and country code (ccTLD) Top-Level Domain name system management, and root server system management functions. These services were originally performed under U.S. Government contract by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and other entities. ICANN now performs the IANA function.” - ICANN

ICANN

• Home page– http://www.icann.org/

• Further Information on ICANN’s role– http://www.icann.org/tr/english.html

American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)

• “We at the American Registry for Internet Numbers manage the Internet numbering resources for North America, a portion of the Caribbean, and sub-equatorial Africa. A full list of countries in the ARIN region can be found by clicking here. As a nonprofit corporation with a bottom-up, community-based structure, our focus is completely on serving our members and the Internet community at large.” – ARIN

More About ARIN

• http://www.arin.net/about_us/about.html

ARIN Equivalent in Asia

• Asia Pacific– http://www.apnic.net/

National Registries

• For further information of national domain registries for different countries access the following site:– http://www.norid.no/

domenenavnbaser/domreg.html

Council of Registrars (CORE)

• “CORE is an international not-for-profit association of Registrars constituted under Swiss Law. CORE is active in the Domain Name Registration area since 1997.” -CORE

• Access at:– http://www.corenic.org/

More on CORE

• “CORE's members are professional registrars from various areas (Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific) who handle domain name registration on behalf of customers. Currently CORE has members in present in 14 countries and manage in total over 400,000 domain names in various TLDs.

• CORE also acts as Registry Operator for two Sponsored TLDs, .aero and .museum. “ - CORE

Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC)

• Provides the public with information regarding internet domain name registration services

• http://www.internic.net/

All About Registering a Domain

• FAQ on domain registration from InterNIC– http://www.internic.net/

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

• Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)– “To promote research of importance

to the evolution of the future Internet by creating focused, long-term and small Research Groups working on topics related to Internet protocols, applications, architecture and technology.” - IRTF

– http://www.irtf.org/

World Wide Web (W3) Consortium

• “The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops interoperable technologies (specifications, guidelines, software, and tools) to lead the Web to its full potential. W3C is a forum for information, commerce, communication, and collective understanding. “ –W3

• http://www.w3.org/

A Sample Work of W3C

• For more information on W3C’s work on the http protocol

• http://www.w3.org/Protocols/

National Telecommunication and Information Administration (NTIA)

• “The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) is the Executive Branch agency principally responsible for domestic and international telecommunications and information policy issues. “ - NTIA

NTIA Responsibilities

• NTIA also manages the Federal use of the spectrum; administers infrastructure grants to support the development of a national information infrastructure accessible to all Americans; manages public telecommunications facilities grants designed to maintain and extend the public broadcasting infrastructure; and performs cutting-edge telecommunications research and engineering, including resolving technical telecommunications issues for the Federal government and private sector. “ - NTIA

Access NTIA

• http://www.ntia.doc.gov/

VeriSign©

• Manages the .com and .net domains

• Access at:– http://www.verisign.com/products-

services/naming-and-directory-services/index.html

Network Solutions

• One of the largest and earliest domain name registrars

• http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872

References

• ARIN• High speed internet backbone• North American Network Operators

Group

End of Module

End of Chapter