Post on 18-Dec-2015
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
Internationalization and
Technical Stewardship of the Internet 8 May 2005
Cairo, Egypt Theresa Swinehart
General Manager, Global Partnerships
Internet Resources Management:
The Past
THE ARPA NETWORK – SEPTEMBER 1969
The early days of the Internet
• Network set up in the US scientific community• Under R&D contracts to the US government• Administered by the UCLA from Los Angeles• Originally connected 4 universities• Growing slowly into a larger scientific research
network• With increasing decentralisation and• Involving scientists in the whole world• Email was added in 1972, file transfer in 1973
Internet: The Mid 80’s
USENET 1986
Internet: from R&D to commercial
• Increased use of scientific community• Most use in US universities and R&D
institutes• International scientific use has
commenced• Domain Names System invented in 1983• First non-scientific use is considered• 1990: first commercial provision of Internet
dial-up access• 1991: www invented in CERN -
Switzerland
Community values
• Ensuring a single, end-to-end interoperable Internet
• Bottom-up technical policy making and decision making
• Participation open to all who wish to do so• Legitimacy determined by open participation and
the value of the contribution to the joint effort, rather than power
• Consensus based decision making, but not full ‘census based’ consensus
• Cooperation, Coordination and Consultation among participants and groups pushing forward initiatives
• Yet, VERY spirited and blunt public debate
The Internet Todayand….
The Challenges
The political world
The telecommunications world
The Internet Today:
• 200,000 interconnected networks
• 10,000’s of players from private sector providing equipment, applications, networks, pipes, services, research
• Academics assisting in research on standards and protocols
• The backbone of the digital economy
• A multi-stakeholder platform
From the past …to the future
Small (4 university networks, 100’s users)
Scientific purpose
US based
Scientific backbone
Single jurisdiction
Regulated relations
A few scientific issues
Industrialised countries interest
Huge (today over 200,000 networks, 1 billion users )
Multi-stakeholder purpose Global Global economy backbone Multiple jurisdictions Contractual relations Multi-layered stack of issues Industrialised and developing
countries interest
ICANN and its structure
ICANN: The Basic Challenge
An effective mechanism for
technical self-management
by the global Internet community serving a globalized economy
Before ICANN, these stakeholders competed for influence over the Domain Name and IP
Addressing systems
IETF
ETSI
Registries
ISPs
Root Server
Operators
Security Issues
IAB
FCC
FTC
Registrars
UNDP
ForeignBusiness
US Business
ITU(ITU-T)
WIPO
OECD
Intellectual Propertyinterests
Consumers
Developing World
Governments
ccTLD registries
Civil Society Groups
US Military
NATO
NSI/Verisign
Regional Internet
Registries
Universities
OECDgovernments W3C
At-large Advisory Committee
ALAC
Country Code Names Supporting Organisation
ccNSO
Generic Names Supporting Organisation
GNSO
Within ICANN, all stakeholders work collaboratively in the policy structure
Root Server System Advisory Committee
RSSAC
Technical Liaison Group
TLG
Security and Stability Advisory CommitteeSSAC
Address Supporting Organisation
ASO
President/ CEO
Governmental Advisory CommitteeGAC
Board of Directors
What is ICANN responsible for?
• ICANN is responsible for the global technical self-management of the Internet’s unique identifiers
• ICANN is dedicated to:• Preserving the operational stability of the Internet;• To promoting competition;• To achieving broad representation of global Internet
communities;• And to developing policy appropriate to its mission through
bottom-up, consensus-based processes
What ICANN does not do
• Content on the Internet
• Spam
• Financial transactions online
• Consumer Protection Law
• Privacy Law
• Data Protection Law
• Intellectual Property Law
• E-commerce, e-education, e-government, etc.
Stability and security with open architecture
Unique
StableSecure
IP Number
Resources
Protocol and port
parameters
Domain Name
System
Variety of data technologies and
applications
Diverse, distributed
data networks
New protocols
and services
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONS
1. Contribute to stability and security of the unique identifiers
system and root management
2. Promote competition and choice for registrants and other
users
3. Forum for multi-stakeholder bottom-up development of
related policy
4. Ensuring on a global basis an opportunity for participation
by all interested parties
A Closer look at one area of success
• ICANN successful in changing the market structure for the registration of generic TLD’s
• A US$1 billion annual reduction in domain registration fees– Competition in the registrar business
• The market competition for generic domain name (gTLD) registrations established by ICANN has lowered domain name costs by 80%, with savings for both consumers and businesses.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
% of COM/NET
Market
As of Dec 96 As of Dec 99 As of Dec 02 As of Dec 04
Increasing Competition in gTLD MarketplaceRegistrar Market Share
Network Solutions Register.com Tucows GoDaddy eNom BulkRegister Melbourne IT Other
Establishing and fostering competition and choice
Price
Innovative services
Registry functions
Registrarfunctions
Fostering competition through market mechanisms
Increasing choice through registrar competition and new gTLDs
Outreach to and service for all Internet users
How stability and competition is accomplished
Stability and security
Independent bottom-up coordination
Competition and choice
Global stakeholder representation
Developing nation Internet communities
Developed nation Internet communities
Government and inter-government agencies
Stakeholders in the Domain Name System
CoordinationCollaborationCooperation
Business, civil society and academia
Agreed policy
Responsiveprocess
Technical bodies and organisations
Stakeholders in the Domain Name System
Government and inter-government agencies
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Inter-American Telecommunications Union (CITEL)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
UN Economic, Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)
African Telecommunications Union (ATU)
European Union (EU)
Commonwealth Telecommunications Oragnisation
Individual governments are also grappling with how to address new information society issues that cross over many government departments, foreign and domestic policy, cultural distinctions, economic development and similar public policy challenges
Agence Intergouvernementale de la Francophonie
Business, civil society and academia
Stakeholders in the Domain Name System
Business organizations have an inherent interest in contributing to the Internet’s growth and potential
Civil society organizations, from all parts of the world and from all aspects of society, remain committed to the potential of the Internet for the needs of civil society
The academic community, regardless of location, has played and will always play an important role in the Internet
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Forum
Internet Society (ISOC)
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
Domain name registrars
Regional Internet number Registries (RIRs)
Security and technical experts
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ENUM Forum
IPv6 Forum
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
Space research agencies
gTLD and ccTLD registries
Internet Service Providers
Technical bodies and organisations
Stakeholders in the Domain Name System
International multi-stakeholder representation and participation
• Government Advisory Committee: about 100 governments and 5 + International Treaty Organisations
• At-Large Advisory Committee: 18 At-Large Structures from four global regions
• Board of Directors represents 14 nationalities
• ICANN Staff hail from nine different countries (Australia, Denmark, France, Mongolia, the Netherlands, Niger, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States)
OECD Report continued
• ‘When OECD countries allocate resources they have certain common objectives irrespective of the method chosen. These can include efficient allocation of a resource and efficient use of that resource, transparency in the award of resource, non-discrimination, and the creation of appropriate conditions for market competition. There may also be other wider economic and social objectives. Through statements and actions it is clear that ICANN shares the ideals inherent in these objectives.’
The International Multi-stakeholder Organisation of the 21st Century:
• Transnational• All stakeholders represented
– Including governments with choice of relevant agency or agencies
• Flexible in organisational management• No capture by individuals, groups, or
organisations• Reflective of its own regime.• Focus on effectiveness and relevancy
For more information please see
http://www.icann.com
Or send an email to
Theresa.Swinehart@icann.org