Intermediate Multi-Family

Energy Efficiency

Multi-Family Energy Training Series

Pacific Energy Center, San Francisco April 19, 2010

Tentative Agenda

9:00 am – 9:15 am Introductions 9:15 am – 10:00 am Title 24 Overview10:00 am – 10:30 am 2008 Title 24 Code Update10:30 am – 10:45 am BREAK10:45 am – 11:15 am Building Science11:15 am – 12:00 pm Energy Efficiency Measures Overview

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11:15 am – 12:00 pm Energy Efficiency Measures Overview12:00 pm – 1:00 pm LUNCH1:00 pm – 1:30 pm Building Envelope 1:30 pm – 2:00 pm Domestic Hot Water (DHW)2:00 pm – 2:30 pm Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)2:30 pm – 2:45 pm BREAK2:45 pm – 3:15 pm Home Energy Rating System (HERS)3:15 pm – 4:00 pm Wrap up & Resources

Logistics

� Restrooms, Refreshments, Safety

– Refreshments now, lunch on your own

� Webinar participants – we will address your online

questions before each break

� Evaluation Forms in your folder

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� Evaluation Forms in your folder

in return for a CD of

presentation materials

� For webinar:

Type Questions

Questions will be taken in the

order received

Sponsored by PG&E

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“PG&E” refers to Pacific Gas and Electric Company, a subsidiary of PG&E Corporation.

© 2010 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights reserved.

Introductions

The Heschong Mahone Group, Inc

� Consulting on energy efficiency for buildings

� Based in California:

– Headquarters in Sacramento region

– Offices in Bay Area and San Diego region

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– Offices in Bay Area and San Diego region

� Expertise in:

– Residential (multi-family and single-family) energy efficiency

program implementation throughout California (new

construction, whole-house rehabilitation)

– Building science and codes and standards

– Research and evaluation

www.h-m-g.com/multifamily

Training Implementer

Public service program:

� Cash incentives

� Energy design assistance

� Project roundtable

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� Project roundtable

� Educational opportunities

� Program coordination

Incentive InformationCMFNH 2010-12 Incentives

Incen

tive A

mo

un

t20%

$0.24/kWh

$0.97/therm

$38.96/kW

25%

$0.30/kWh

$1.22/therm

$50.29/kW

30%

$0.37/kWh

$1.46/therm

$61.63/kW

35%

$0.43/kWh

$1.70/therm

$72.96/kW

40%

$0.49/kWh

$1.94/therm

$84.29/kW

45%

$0.55/kWh

$2.18/therm

$95.63/kW

15%

$0.18/kWh

$0.73/therm

$27.63/kW

7

Developer Incentives:� Base: $100 per unit

� Escalating incentives based on energy savings: see chart

� HERS verification incentive: $60 per unit (max of $12,000 per project)

Energy Consultant Incentives:

� $50 per unit (max of $10,000 per project)

15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

Percent Better Than Title 24 $/kWh $/therm $/kW

Title 24 Overview

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Section 1

California’s 16 Climate Zones

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California’s 16 Climate Zones

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Title 24 Documents

� 2008 Building Energy Efficiency Standards

� 2008 Compliance Manuals

� 2008 Reference Appendices

– Joint Appendices

� Glossary, climate zones, construction assemblies, etc

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� Glossary, climate zones, construction assemblies, etc

– Residential Appendices

� HERS protocols, HVAC sizing, thermal mass, etc

– Nonresidential Appendices

� HERS protocols, acceptance requirements etc

� 2008 Alternative Calculation Manuals

– Rulebook for Title 24 ‘performance approach’ software

Low Rise vs. High Rise

� The three-story designation as it relates

to multi-family buildings

� Less than 3 habitable floors

– Falls under the low rise residential standards

� More than 3 habitable floors

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� More than 3 habitable floors

– Classified as residential high rise

– Falls under the nonresidential standards

Habitable Space

� A habitable floor

– Defined in the California Building Code (CBC)

– Is used with the energy efficiency standards

� A habitable story

– Contains space in which humans may live or work in reasonable comfort,

and that has at least 50% of its volume above grade

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and that has at least 50% of its volume above grade

� A multi-family building

– Is a dwelling unit of occupancy group R (defined in CBC), that shares a

common wall and/or floor/ceiling with at least one other dwelling unit

� A single-family attached building

– Is a dwelling unit of occupancy group R that shares a common wall with

another dwelling unit (duplex and some townhomes)

Title 24 Review

� Mandatory Measures

– Building envelope efficiency minimums

– HVAC & DHW efficiency minimums

– Lighting efficiency minimums

� Prescriptive Approach

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� Prescriptive Approach

– Pre-determined packages

– Simplest approach, but least flexible

� Performance Approach

– Energy budget calculation using CEC approved Title 24 software

– Complex, but allows trade-offs between measures

Prescriptive Approach

� Simplest and least flexible compliance path– Checklist methodology

– No trade-offs between measures

– Restrictive in nature

� 3 packages:– Package C

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– Package C� Allows for electric resistance heat

– Package D� Serves as base for standard design budget in performance approach

– Package E (new for 2008)� Equivalent to Package D

� Offers alternatives for the use of metal framed fenestration

Prescriptive Approach cont.

� Package D (Table 151-C) Low Rise Residential

� Requirements by climate zone– Insulation

– Radiant Barrier

– Roofing Products (2008)

– Fenestration

– Thermal Mass

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– Thermal Mass

– Space Heating

– Space Cooling

– Central Forced Air Handlers (2008)

– Ducts

– Water Heating

Time Dependent Valuation

� TDV changes the way energy is ‘valued’ based on the time of use of that energy

– Time of day or season is very important

– Higher value for on-peak savings

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– Lower value for off-peak

– Neutral for savings that are both on and off peak

TDV Impact on Compliance

� TDV favors technologies that save energy on-peak

– Greater credit for:

� Higher EER air conditioners

� Lower SHGC glazing

� Better duct insulation (in unconditioned spaces)

– Greater penalties for:

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– Greater penalties for:

� West-facing glass

� Oversized, un-shaded windows/skylights

– Generally neutral or lower credits for:

� Economizers

� Envelope insulation

� High efficiency water heating

Performance Approach

� Title 24 Performance Approach

– Estimated energy use of proposed design

– Compared to estimated energy use of standard design

– Difference expressed as percentage of the standard design

� Standard design energy budget = prescriptive package energy budget

� Title 24 determines simple compliance for new construction projects

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� Title 24 determines simple compliance for new construction projects

– Is the proposed budget less than the standard budget?

Performance Approach cont.

� Title 24 building simulation software used to demonstrate

– Percentage compliance margin (usually 15% > T24)

� California Energy Commission certified Title 24 software

– MICROPAS (low-rise only)

– EnergyPro (low-rise and high-rise)

� Programs with compliance margin eligibility criteria

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� Programs with compliance margin eligibility criteria

– PG&E’s California Multi-Family New Homes (CMFNH)

– PG&E’s California Advanced Homes Program (CAHP)

– Build It Green’s Green Point Rated (GPR)

– USGBC’s LEED for Homes

– Enterprise Community Partners - Green Communities

Performance Report Basics

� Does not represent ALL building energy usage

– Energy use by appliances and other electronic equipment

(TVs, computers, etc) is not included

� Only calculates energy usage regulated by Title 24

– Heating systems

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– Cooling systems

– Domestic hot water systems

� Lighting not included in residential calculations

– Mandatory measures only

EnergyPro CF-1R Report

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EnergyPro CF-1R Report

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EnergyPro CF-1R Report

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EnergyPro CF-1R Report

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EnergyPro CF-1R Report

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High-Rise Multi-Family Title 24

� High-rise multi-family buildings are modeled differently

– Envelope and HVAC = Nonresidential standards

– Lighting and Domestic Hot Water (DHW) = Residential standards

� Residential and Nonresidential Title 24 use different

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� Residential and Nonresidential Title 24 use different calculation engines

– High-rise calculations de-emphasize envelope measures

– HVAC and DHW become more important

� Only one HERS measure compliance credit opportunity

– Field Verification and Diagnostic Testing of Duct Sealing

Sample UTIL-1R

% Better

than Title 24

Incentive Eligibility

Incentive Rate

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than Title 24

Energy Savings

Incentive Amount

per Energy Type

Base Incentive

($100/unit)

Total Project

Incentive

Sample Incentive Amounts

Project #

Units CZHR/ LR

% Better than

Title 24kW/

ProjectkWh/

ProjectTherms/ Project

2010-12 Incentive/

Unit

2006-09 Incentive/

UnitDifference/

Project

A 117 3 HR 16% 35 37,648 989 $178 $150 $3,307

B 12 11 LR 16% 2 2,566 719 $194 $200 $(68)

C 30 3 LR 16% 1 599 27 $105 $150 $(1,346)

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D 35 13 LR 17% 15 16,596 519 $225 $200 $864

E 233 12 LR 17% 31 33,625 7,378 $160 $200 $(9,220)

F 69 4 LR 26% 10 11,104 5,303 $256 $150 $7,310

G 80 3 HR 26% 42 45,598 2,894 $354 $150 $16,334

H 206 4 HR 26% 164 175,559 1,463 $421 $150 $55,754

I 39 3 LR 26% 0 404 1,977 $168 $150 $697

J 36 3 LR 37% 1 1,368 1,021 $171 $150 $749

K 129 3 LR 37% 14 15,010 16,469 $390 $150 $30,993

Title 24 Resources

� 2008 Building Energy Efficiency Standards:

http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2008standards/

� CEC Blueprint:

http://www.energy.ca.gov/efficiency/blueprint/

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http://www.energy.ca.gov/efficiency/blueprint/

– Sign up for newsletter here

� Energy Efficiency Hotline:

– title24@energy.state.ca.us

– Phone: 916-654-5106 or 1-800-772-3300 (toll free in CA)

2008 Title 24 Code Update

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Section 2

Key Changes in 2008 Title 24

� Lower u-factor and some SHGC changes

– Amount of credit available for high performance windows has been

reduced

– U-factors have been lowered to 0.40 in all climate zones

– SHGC requirements in some climate zones where they weren’t before

� Roofing products (cool roofs)

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� Roofing products (cool roofs)

– 2005 had no prescriptive requirements in any climate zone

– 2008 has requirements for 10 of the 16 climate zones , mostly in cooling

zones

– Cannot install a radiant barrier with a cool roof

� HERS duct testing prescriptively required in all climate zones

� Thermostatic expansion valves can no longer serve as an

alternative to refrigerant charge testing for split AC systems

Key Changes in 2008 Title 24

� New HERS Measures added– Low leakage ducts in conditioned space

– Low leakage air handlers (furnaces)

– Air conditioners with high EER

� ASHRAE 62.2 ventilation standards now mandatory in low rise residential T-24– Whole building mechanical ventilation system

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– Whole building mechanical ventilation system

– Kitchens-bathrooms must vent to the outdoors

– Clothes dryers must vent to the outdoors

– Ventilation air must come from outdoors, controls labeled

– Number of other requirements

� Tankless water heater, large instantaneous indirect water heater, hot water supply boilers will be de-rated by a factor of 0.92 in the compliance software

Key Changes in 2008 Title 24

� Multi-family water heating systems now require:

– Air release valves

– Check valves to prevent backflow

– Pump isolation valves for pump servicing

– Pump priming valves to allow for bleeding of the system

� Credit for central hot water monitoring and hourly demand

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� Credit for central hot water monitoring and hourly demand

controls

� Mixed occupancy

– If one occupancy is 80% or more the compliance may be run for

that major occupancy (envelope, HVAC and water heating)

– HOWEVER… the lighting requirements and mandatory measures

must be met by occupancy type

Key Changes in 2008 Title 24

� Compliance software ‘engine’ changes

– Unconditioned Zone Model (UZM)

� Models attic spaces

– New model for slab heat gains and losses

� Compliance forms – new look

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– CF-1R Certificate of Compliance

– MF-1R Mandatory Measures Summary

– CF-6R Certificate of Installation

� CF-6R-ENV, CF-6R-LTG, CF-6R-MECH

Building Science

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Section 3

Building Science Introduction

� Buildings have evolved a long way from basic

shelter to elaborate climate controlled shelters

37

Building Science Disciplines

� Owners, architects, and

engineers

� HVAC contractor

� Interior designers,

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lighting designers, and

landscape architects

� Construction tradesmen

� Maintenance crew

Building Process

� Project budget and client needs

� Occupant needs

� Site considerations and limitations

� Massing and layout

� Building

39

� Building

– Enclosure (walls and roof)

– Sub-systems and components (HVAC, electrical)

– Fit and finish (carpets, cabinets, paints, etc)

It’s Not Just Energy Efficiency

� Safety concerns

� Climatic conditions

� Moisture control

� Indoor air quality

� Building pressure

40

� Building pressure

and air flow

� Heat loss fundamentals

� Building codes

� Occupant comfort

System Cause and Effect

� Climatic conditions ->

moisture control

� Moisture control ->

indoor air quality

� Indoor air quality ->

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� Indoor air quality ->

mechanical ventilation

� Envelope design ->

HVAC system selection

HVAC and IAQ Interaction

� Leaky ducts in attic can lead to moisture problems

42

Envelope & HVAC Interaction

� High performance

envelope system

can result in

smaller HVAC

equipment

43

equipment

� Tightly sealed

envelope and

residential

mechanical

ventilation per

Title 24-2008

Heat Loss Fundamentals

� Infiltration

� Conduction

� Convection

� Radiation

44

� Radiation

Thermal Mass Heat Transfer

� 1-D and 2-D heat transfer

� Thermal mass delay theory

45

Setting Goals and Objectives

� Understand California’s Title 24 Energy Standards

� Adopt whole-building design vs. a measure approach

– Where the sum is greater than the parts

– Individual building components are considered as part of integrated and interactive systems:

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integrated and interactive systems:

� The building envelope design impacts HVAC sizing

� Skylights with daylighting controls can reduce electric lighting loads

� Electric lighting increases cooling requirements

� Waste heat from one system can power another

� Evaluate measure combinations for cost effectiveness

� Clearly define decision making criteria

Performance-Based Design

� Building energy simulation software makesperformance-based whole building analysis possible

– Buildings modeled using weather data specific to climate

� Same software can calculate:

– Code compliance

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– Code compliance

– Energy efficiency design

� Same software can model:

– Specific energy measures

– Interactions between measures

Parametric Analyses

� Parametric analysis

– Design optimization method

– Take one variable type (e.g. window solar heat gain properties) and test with a series of values

– Results show relationships between elements

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– Results show relationships between elements

� Test sensitivities to

– Building orientation

– Window area and orientation distribution

– Hot water heating equipment efficiency, distribution system and controls…etc

Energy Efficiency Measures Overview

49

Section 4

Energy Measure Trade-Offs

Two trade-off approaches of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEM) in Title 24 energy modeling

�Non-tradable measures– Building characteristics modeled identically in the Standard

design and Proposed design

�Tradable measures

50

�Tradable measures– Building characteristics modeled as designed in the Proposed

design and as baseline in the Standard design

Non-Tradable: Zoning

� Zoning of building

� Interior and demising

partitions

51

partitions

� Unconditioned spaces

� Hourly schedules

Non-Tradable: Envelope

� Gross wall / roof / floor / slab / door areas

� Construction assembly types

� Glazing window to wall ratio (WRR) up to 40%

� Glazing skylight to roof ratio (SRR) up to 5%

52

Non-Tradable: Envelope

� Opaque absorptivity

(except roof)

� Heat capacity of walls

� Interior window shade

53

management

� Receptacle and process

loads

� Infiltration rate

� Proposed heating system

capacity over-sizing

– Up to 143%

� Proposed cooling system

capacity over-sizing

Non-Tradable: HVAC

54 54

capacity over-sizing

– Up to 121%

� Some design fan and pump

characteristics

� Fan system operation

� Ventilation rate

Non-Tradable: DHW

� Pipe gains and losses

� All system attributes except recovery efficiency

55 55

Tradable: Envelope

� Insulation levels – In exterior wall / roof-ceiling / raised floor assemblies

credit / neutral / penalty

� Insulation placement – In heavy or mass wall, roof, or raised floor assemblies

credit / penalty

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credit / penalty

� Wall fenestration area– In walls greater than 40% window to wall ratio (WWR)

penalty

� Roof fenestration area– In roofs greater than 5% skylight to roof ratio (SRR)

penalty Source: Canada Housing Assoc.

Tradable: Envelope cont.

� Fenestration SHGC value

credit / neutral / penalty

� Fenestration U-factorscredit / neutral / penalty

� Fenestration overhangs

57

� Fenestration overhangscredit

Source: House Energy

Source: NFRC

Tradable: HVAC

� HVAC system typecredit / neutral / penalty

� Primary equipment efficiency ratingcredit / neutral

� Equipment part load performance

58

credit / neutral / penalty

� Heat pump auxiliary electric heat strip sizingneutral / penalty

� Cooling tower sizing, temps, fan speeds, pumpscredit / neutral / penalty

� Premium efficiency fan and pump motorscredit

Source: BetterBricks

Tradable: HVAC cont.

� Fan system configurationcredit / neutral / penalty

� Design fan power in standard design – Up to 0.8 W/cfm for constant volume, 1.25 W/cfm for VAV

penalty

� Air-, water-, evaporative-cooled condenser

59

� Air-, water-, evaporative-cooled condensercredit / neutral / penalty

� Evaporative cooling & pre-coolingcredit / neutral / penalty

� HERS verified & testing measurescredit

Tradable: HVAC Controls

� System supply air control

credit / neutral / penalty

� Zone terminal controls

credit / neutral / penalty

� Chiller staging controls

credit / neutral / penalty

60

credit / neutral / penalty

� Fan volume control

credit / neutral / penalty

� Air economizers

credit / neutral / penalty

Source: BSD Solutions

Low-Rise Residential

� 20% Window-to-floor-ratio (WFR)

– Used instead of WWR

� 5% WFR for west facing glass

� Additional tradable EEM’s for domestic hot water

– Distribution system controls

61

– Distribution system controls

– Pipe insulation

Source: John Henry Architects

� Integrated design process

� Focus on measures that will

have greatest impact on T24

compliance margin TDV savings

� Be aware of impact on real

Energy Measure Selection

62

� Be aware of impact on real

energy savings

� EEM selection for multi-family

buildings

Integrated Design Process

� Engage all design team members early in design

63

Integrated Design Process

� Frequent interaction between disciplines

� Hire energy consultant early

� Preliminary energy modeling to inform building

massing and form

� Subsequent energy modeling to inform equipment

64

� Subsequent energy modeling to inform equipment

type and efficiency selection

Integrated Design Process

� Focus on building site conditions first

� Reduce heating and cooling loads with high

performance envelope system and lighting

� Install high efficiency HVAC and DHW equipment

� Install solar thermal DHW system

65

� Install solar thermal DHW system

� Install ENERGY STAR® appliances

� Install solar PV

� Educate owners/tenants in

conservation

TDV vs. Site Energy Savings

� Time Dependant Valuation (TDV)

� Site Energy: kWh and kBtu

66

Source: Energy Design Resources (EDR)

TDV vs. Site Energy Savings

� Credit in T24 analysis….occasionally little or no impact on realized site energy savings

– A cool roof on a MF high-rise building w/out cooling improves compliance margin, zero cooling energy savings since cooling is not installed

– Low-e window with a low SHGC in coastal building without

67

– Low-e window with a low SHGC in coastal building without cooling

TDV vs. Real Energy Savings

� PERF-1 and CF-1R report TDV

� ECON-1 reports annual energy cost

� UTIL-1 reports annual site energy consumption

68

� UTIL-1 reports annual site energy consumption

� Life Cycle Cost tool in EnergyPro

PERF-1 and CF-1R

69

ECON-1 Report

70

UTIL-1 Report

71

Simple Payback Analysis

Identify cost-effective energy efficiency measures

Specify EE measures in building energy simulation software

Find utility rates and multiply by kWh and Therm savings

Find incremental cost estimate for each measure (DEER database)*

72

Use simulation software output for kWHand Therm savings

Divide estimated annual utility savings by incremental measure costs to get the number of year payback

measure (DEER database)*

If the cost-benefit numbers aren’t satisfactory, change the mix of measures and begin again

Building Envelope

73

Section 5

� High performance (HP) envelope means that each

component is designed to minimize the transfer of

thermal energy which in turn creates an energy

efficient building

– Glass that lowers the amount of heat transfer in or out while

still allowing enough light into the space

High Performance Building Envelopes

74

still allowing enough light into the space

– Walls, roofs and floors that maintain their thermal integrity

� Examine function first, let the aesthetics evolve

HP Building Envelope – Roofs, Ceilings

� Cool and sustainable roofing

– Energy efficient design practices (don’t lose the energy

savings via construction changes)

– High thermal insulation

– Cool roofing

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� A cool roof reflects the sun’s heat back to the sky instead of

transferring the heat to the building

HP Building Envelope – Roofs, Ceilings

� Reflectance: the ability of a material to bounce back

solar radiation

� Emittance: the ability of heat to escape from a surface

once it is absorbed

76

HP Building Envelope – Roofs, Ceilings

� Cool roof

77

HP Building Envelope – Roofs, Ceilings

� Cool roof Title 24 requirements

– Low Sloped Roof = pitch less than 2:12

– Steep Sloped Roof = pitch more than 2:12

� Prescriptive requirements depend on

– Climate zone

78

– Climate zone

– Roofing material

� Compliance credit considered equivalent to radiant

barrier

HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls

Considerations � Heat Transfer - Insulation

� Air Infiltration – Air Barrier

� Framing

– Advanced Framing

� Current industry standard wall = 2x4

frame, 16”o.c., double top plates, 3

stud corners, jack studs, cripples

79

stud corners, jack studs, cripples

and double headers

� Advanced Framing = 2x6 frame, 24”

o.c., single top plates, 2 stud

corners, no jack studs, no cripples

and single headers

– Advantages: cheaper, faster,

saves energy

HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls

Typical Framing Advanced Framing

80

HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls

� Structural Insulating Panels (SIP)

� Made by bonding OSB, plywood, fiber-cement onto

both sides of expanded polystyrene (EPS) or

polyurethane foam core

– Reduced labor

81

– Reduced labor

– Increased R-value

– Reduced air infiltration

– Increased construction costs

� Need for careful design as changes are costly

� Higher material cost

HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls

� Structural Insulating Panels (SIP)

82

HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls

� Structural Insulating Panels (SIP) - roofing

83

HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls

� Insulating Concrete Forms (ICF)

� Interlocking modular units that stay in place filled with

concrete (Lego bricks)

– Increased R-value

– Reduced air infiltration

84

– Reduced air infiltration

– Higher first costs

– Offset by energy cost savings

� Need for careful design as changes are costly

HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls

� Insulating Concrete Forms (ICF)

85

HP Building Envelope – Exterior Walls

� Insulating Concrete Forms (ICF)

86

HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors

� Considerations

– Heat transfer

– Shading opportunities

– Ventilation

– Size

87

HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors

� Glass windows and doors can be 10-25% of the

exterior wall

– Can account for 25% of heating load

– Can account for 50% of cooling load

� Windows with lower U-factors minimize heat loss in

88

� Windows with lower U-factors minimize heat loss in

heating dominated areas

� Windows with lower solar heat gain coefficients

minimize heat gain in cooling dominated areas

– SHGC = amount of solar energy allowed through the window

HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors

� 2008 Window U-factor:

– 0.40 for all climate zone

� 2008 Window SHGC:

– 0.40 for climate zones 5 and 6

– 0.35 for climate zone 15

89

� High-performance windows

– Compliance credit still possible

– Other compliance options may be more cost-effective

� Model overhangs and fins

HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors

� Fenestration Title 24 Issues

– Allowable west-facing glass is limited to 5% of floor area

(performance trade-off)

– Standard multi-family design is based upon actual glazing

area instead of 16% or 20% (up to 20%)

90

area instead of 16% or 20% (up to 20%)

HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors

� Operable types

– Casement

– Awning

– Hopper

– Slider

91

– Double-hung

HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors

� Shading opportunities

92

HP Building Envelope – Windows, Doors

� Fixed overhangs

93

Site Built Fenestration

� Component Modeling Approach (CMA)

� New concept:

– Build based on predefined & certified components

– Simulate energy performance (rather than using default values)

� For more information:

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� For more information:

– www.h-m-g.com/CMAProgram.aspx

Domestic Hot Water

95

Section 6

DHW Measures

� Residential Title 24 Standards apply to DHW

systems in low-rise and high-rise residential buildings

� Three main EEM categories

– Equipment type and efficiency

96 96

– Equipment type and efficiency

– Distribution efficiency

– Solar thermal systems

DHW Equipment Efficiency

Small water heater is defined as a gas storage water

heater with an input of 75,000 Btu per hour or less, or

electric water heater with an input of 12 kW or less

� Energy factor: small storage and instantaneous WH

97

� Energy factor: small storage and instantaneous WH

and accounts for overall efficiency including standby

losses

� Recovery efficiency: large storage WH and doesn’t

account for standby loss

� Thermal efficiency/AFUE: boilers

DHW Equipment Type

� Small storage water heaters

– Gas or electric

� Large storage water heaters

– Gas or electric

� Instantaneous water heaters

98

� Instantaneous water heaters

– Gas or electric

� Boilers

� Heat pump water heaters

Source: ArchiExpo, DailyGreen, Housing and Building Dept. New Zealand

DHW Equipment Type

99

Condensing Boiler

� Captures latent heat from

moisture in the flue

� Standard water heaters

have EF of 0.58 – 0.65

� Condensing water heater

100

� Condensing water heater

technologies have EF of

0.90 – 0.96

� Extracts heat out of the ambient

air to supplement the

compressor and increase

efficiency to an Energy Factor

approaching 2.0

Heat Pump Water Heater

101

� HPWH reject cold condenser air

into the space for small cooling

interactive effects in cooling

dominated climates

Hot Water Distribution

102

Hot Water Distribution EEM’s

� Pipe insulation: extra

half inch

� Pipe location: indoors

� Distribution pump

controls: demand

103

controls: demand

Solar Thermal Systems

� Does give credit in Title 24 (Solar PV does not…yet)

� Most coastal projects at > 25% above code threshold

are using solar hot water (2005)

� Alternative to high-efficiency boilers

104

� Alternative to high-efficiency boilers

� Particularly complimentary to central systems

� Title 24 consultant inputs the Solar Savings Fraction

(OG-300, OG-100, f-chart) and solar water heating

designer sizes the actual system

Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC)

105

Air Conditioning (HVAC)

Section 7

HVAC Measure Types

� HVAC system type

� Primary equipment

efficiency ratings

� System correct sizing

� Air and hydronic

106

� Air and hydronic

distribution systems

� Controls

HVAC System Types

� Unitary systems have all cooling equipment in one component

– Packaged and split system AC and HP

– Packaged terminal AC and HP (PTAC/PTHP)

– Also loosely groups space heating including wall furnaces and electric baseboards

107

electric baseboards

� Built-up systems are typically hydronic systems using a central plant located separate from the fan coils and air distribution equipment

– Hydronic hot water heating only

– Four-pipe fan coil units, heating and cooling

– Not a “central” furnace or “central AC”

Equipment Efficiency Ratings

� Increased efficiency ratings for the primary heating and

cooling equipment

– Furnace and Boiler efficiency (AFUE and/or TE)

– Heat pump efficiency (COP, HSPF)

– Packaged and split AC efficiency (EER, SEER)

108

– Chillers and heat rejection equipment (COP, kW/ton)

� Standard case modeled with equipment efficiency as

prescriptively required by Title 24 Package D, typically

mandatory minimum

Furnace & Boiler Efficiency

� Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) and Thermal Efficiency

(TE) ratings used for efficiency of combustion heating

equipment

� Typically one and the same for nameplate ratings

– 78% is minimum required furnace

– 80% is minimum required for boilers

109

– 80% is minimum required for boilers

– Up to ~85% is achievable with standard combustion furnace or boiler

technologies

– Up to ~97% AFUE is achievable with condensing furnace or boiler

� Increased furnace or heating boiler may have minimal energy

cost savings in south coastal climates

� Extra first cost of condensing boilers/furnaces from required

flue that needs to vent to exterior

Cooling Efficiency: SEER vs. EER

� Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) rating is used to rate cooling efficiency on A/C units 5 tons and less– Accounts for seasonal variation of system operation

– SEER used on manufacturer labels for units 5 tons and less

� EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) is the full load efficiency at specificoperating conditions

110

operating conditions

SEER test = 82º F: Southeast US; warm, humid climates

vs.

EER test = 95º F: California conditions; hot, dry climate

� In California’s climate design to high EER criteria

– And receive Title 24 credit (with HERS verification)

Hydronic Heating System Type

� Dedicated hydronic heating system

– A boiler or water heater circulated hot water to the building

for use in radiators, baseboards, or fan coils

– Separate system for domestic hot water needs

� Combination-hydronic heating system

111

– One boiler or water is used for the space heating and DHW

needs

� Frequently used in both HR and LR applications

Hydronic Heating System Type

112

Hydronic Heating System Type

� No credit for avoidance of fan energy (LR, HR)

� Credit for locating pipes indoors (LR, HR)

� Credit for avoidance of air distribution losses only

– Reduces heating load (LR)

113

Alternative HVAC Systems

� Variable refrigerant flow systems

� Evaporatively cooled condensers

114

� Ground source heat pumps

� Ice storage air conditioners

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems

� Multiple size indoor fan coil units (20)on one remote condenser

– Allows flexibility in design

– 2-pipe fan coil system

– Allows simultaneous heating and cooling

115

– Allows simultaneous heating and cooling

� Multiple compressors = high part load efficiency

� Potential for heat recovery from one loop to another loop

Mitsubishi City-Multi VRF System

116

Evap. Cooled A/C Condensers

� Wet-bulb temp is lower than dry-bulb

temperature, increasing compressor efficiency

� Performance credit for indirect or direct-

indirect system types only, typically 20%-30% of

cooling budget

117

cooling budget

� Hot-dry climates

� Used with high EER credit requiring HERS

verification

Ground Source Heat Pump

� Heat pumps utilizing the ground as heat source

for heating, and heat sink during cooling mode

� Typically more effective in heating dominated

climate zones

� Increased EER and COP ratings

118

� Increased EER and COP ratings

– 13.4 EER and 3.4 COP are min federal requirements

for GSHP

� Used with high EER credit requiring HERS

verification

Ground Source Heat Pump

119

Ice Storage Air Conditioner

� The ISAC system consists of a water tank

containing refrigerant coils that cool the water

and convert it into ice

� Compressor operates at night reducing peak

cooling demand = large cooling compliance

120

cooling demand = large cooling compliance

credit

� Requires HERS verification and acceptance

testing

Ice Storage Air Conditioners

121

HVAC System Sizing

� Right-sizing HVAC equipment reduces energy usage – Air conditioners – up to 35%

– Furnaces – up to 16%

� Required HERS testing to take credit for properly sized cooling system in Title 24 analysis

� Lower efficiency equip properly sized

122

� Lower efficiency equip properly sized

can be more efficient than

� Higher efficiency equip improperly sized due to over cycling of equipment to meet loads

� Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) promotes high efficiency specifications and proper installation

http://www.cee1.org/

Air Distribution System

� Premium efficiency fan motors

� VFD fan control for systems serving common areas

� Duct measures not requiring HERS verification

123

� Duct measures not requiring HERS verification

� Duct system measures requiring HERS visual and

diagnostic testing

Non-HERS Duct Measures

� Increased duct insulation

� Ducts located in basement or crawlspace

� Ducts located in attic with radiant barrier

124

� Ducts located in attic with radiant barrier

Hydronic Distribution

� Pipe insulation

� Locate all pipes in doors

125

HVAC Controls

� Multi-zone thermostat control (LR residential only)

– Credit for controlling the sleeping and living zones with

separate thermostats, or separate systems

126

� Hydronic heating recirculation pump control

– Credit for demand control circulation pump control

– Penalty for all other recirculation pump controls

Home Energy Rating System (HERS)

127

(HERS)

Section 8

HERS & Utility Verification

� Title 24 HERS measures result in compliance credit

– To meet minimum code compliance (building permit)

– To exceed the code by 15% (incentive programs)

� Utility programs also use HERS rater to inspect

128

October

2009

– Insulation levels

– Window area and performance specifications

– Water heater and boiler specifications

– Conditioned floor area

– Radiant barriers

HERS & Utility Verification

3rd Party Verification & Testing

� Building department focus is Health and Life Safety

� Energy savings not realized unless measures are installed properly

� HERS rater verifies measures and

129

� HERS rater verifies measures and reports to developer

� Three C-HERS providers: CHEERS, CalCERTS, CBPCA

– www.cheers.org

– www.calcerts.com

– www.cbpca.org (retrofit only)

October

2009

HERS Verifications & Inspections

� Building envelope measures

� Air conditioning measures

� Duct measures

130

� Duct measures

HERS Building Envelope Measures

� Building envelope sealing

� High Quality Insulation Installation (QII)

� High QII for spray polyurethane foam (new)

131

� High QII for spray polyurethane foam (new)

HERS Building Envelope Sealing

� Building leakage is the unintended flow of outside air

into and out of a building

� Leakage will typically take place through:

– Joints, gaps and cracks in the building construction

– Cracks around doors and windows

132

– Cracks around doors and windows

– Leaks around recessed lights, pipes, exhaust vents

� Can greatly impact the heating and cooling loads

� Verified using the blower door test

HERS Building Envelope Sealing

133

� Blower door test used to

determine the pressure

difference between inside

and outside

� Caulk and seal all

penetrations through walls,

HERS Building Envelope Sealing

134

penetrations through walls,

ceilings, floors to reduce

leakage

� High QII (wood-framed buildings only unless using a

closed cell foam)

– Insulation must be installed in contact with the air barrier

(such as wall or ceiling sheetrock)

– No voids, no gaps that result in portions of walls, ceilings or

floors un-insulated

HERS Building Envelope Measures

135

floors un-insulated

– No compressed insulation (reduces thickness of insulation

thus reducing effective R-value)

– Split insulation, then seal around pipes and wires (reducing

air gaps)

Compressed with gaps

and/or voids

HERS Building Envelope Measures

136

� Missing insulation under

ductwork

� Electrical cord creating air

gap between air barrier and

insulation

HERS Building Envelope Measures

137

HERS Building Envelope Measures

138

HERS Building Envelope Measures

139

HERS Building Envelope Measures

140

� High QII for spray

polyurethane foam

(new)

– Medium density closed

cell foam

HERS Building Envelope Measures

141

cell foam

– Applied to wood framed

buildings only

– Can be an effective way

to deal with all the odd

spaces around pipes,

electric cables, etc.

HERS Building Envelope Measures

142

� Improved refrigerant charge

� Installation of charge indicator display (new)

� Verified cooling coil airflow (new)

Air handler fan watt draw (new)

HERS Air Conditioning Measures

143

� Air handler fan watt draw (new)

� High Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

� Maximum rated total cooling capacity

� Improved refrigerant charge

– Refrigerant charge refers to the actual amount of refrigerant present in

the AC or heat pump system

– An excessive or insufficient amount reduces system efficiency

� Cause premature compressor failure

� Cause compressors to overheat

– Replaces the thermostatic expansion valve

HERS Air Conditioning Measures

144

– Replaces the thermostatic expansion valve

– Proper charge improves equipment life

� Installation of charge indicator display (New)

– Provides real time information to occupant about the status of the

system

– Mounted clearly visible to the occupant and close to the thermostat

– Equipment not currently available

� Verified cooling coil airflow

(new)– Split system AC and Heat Pump units

– 350 cfm air flow/ton

– Tied to the Air Handler Fan Watt

Draw

HERS Air Conditioning Measures

145

Draw

� Air handler fan watt draw

(new)– Fan wattage to be less than 0.58

watts/cfm

– Achieve by selecting a high efficiency

air handler fan and careful attention

to duct design

� High Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

– Energy Efficiency Rating is the full load efficiency at specific operating conditions.

– 95° F outdoors according to ARI procedures

– HVAC condenser and cooling coil correctly matched

– More effective for saving energy in hotter climate zones

HERS Air Conditioning Measures

146

– More effective for saving energy in hotter climate zones

� Maximum rated total cooling capacity

– Avoids over-sizing cooling equipment, increases efficiency by decreasing the frequency of equipment cycling on and off

– Triggers: cooling coil air flow, duct sealing and high EER

– Must use loads calculated by compliance software

– Challenge: Getting HVAC contractors to agree to sizing

� Duct sealing

� Supply duct location, surface area and R-value (high

efficiency duct design)

� No more than 12 linear feet of supply duct outside the

HERS Duct Measures

147

� No more than 12 linear feet of supply duct outside the

conditioned space (including the air handler and

plenum length)

� Low leakage ducts in conditioned space (new)

� Low leakage air handlers (new)

� Duct sealing

– Required across all climate zones prescriptively

– Helps to ensure proper duct system operation

HERS Duct Measures

148

Properly sealed furnace

� Duct testing

HERS Duct Measures

149

� Supply duct location, surface area and R-value (high efficiency duct design)

– Requires ACCA Manual D duct layouts

– Deviations from the approved duct design are not allowed

– Very detailed for the HVAC contractor and the HERS rater

� No more than 12 linear feet of supply duct outside the

HERS Duct Measures

150

� No more than 12 linear feet of supply duct outside the conditioned space (including the air handler and plenum length)

– Requires a visual verification

� Low leakage ducts in conditioned space (new)– Ducts tested

– Triggers the blower door test

– Has implications for the Title 24 modeling approach

– Fan coils installed in a sheet-rocked space:� California Building Code, (CBC) Title 24, Part 2, Volume 1, Chapter 7

HERS Duct Measures

151

� California Building Code, (CBC) Title 24, Part 2, Volume 1, Chapter 7 for fire-resistance-rated construction.

� T24 Standards, Section 150(m) states as follows: “Building cavities, support platforms for air handlers, and plenums defined or constructed with materials other than sealed sheet metal, duct board or flexible duct shall not be used for conveying conditioned air.”

� So if not a ducted return, plenum or building cavity

Non-ducted ceiling returns for fan coils to meet fire code (Res Manual)

Must demonstrate that

this is within the

conditioned space:

HERS Duct Measures

152

conditioned space:

•It is within the bldg

envelope.

•Air leakage pathways

are sealed.

•Duct test on the ‘fan

coil enclosure’

� Low leakage air handlers (new)

– Furnaces

– Heat pumps (indoor unit)

– Certified to leak less than 2% of it’s nominal delivered cfm

– Triggers duct testing

HERS Duct Measures

153

– Manufacturer must certify through the CEC

Wrap-Up and Resources

154

Section 9

ENERGY STAR® High-Rise

California Pilot Program:

� Currently only applies to

3 stories or less (LR)

� Being rolled out by EPA to

include 4 stories+ (HR)

155

include 4 stories+ (HR)

multi-family buildings

� Goal:

– Determine cost-

effectiveness requirements

– Translate national

requirements to Title 24

Call for Pilot Participation

� California Multi-Family High-Rise Pilot Program:

– A variety of multi-family building types:

• Studios, apartments, condominiums

• 4 story, mid-rise, high-rise

– Varying project types

• Affordable

Program Partners:

156

October

2009

• Affordable

• Market rate

• Mixed-income

– Varying climates

• Coastal and inland climate zones.

– MF buildings with cooling and without cooling

� Contact: Julieann Summerford summerford@h-m-g.com

Participation Requirements

� Meet energy performance guidelines (20% better than

ASHRAE 90.1-2004)

– Exceeding Title 24 also applicable

� Provide incremental costs

– To identifying actual incremental costs of building an ENERGY

157

October

2009

– To identifying actual incremental costs of building an ENERGY

STAR home

� Provide 2 years of building energy performance data

� Qualify and participate in California Multi-Family New

Homes (CMFNH)

– Exceed Title 24 by 15% with positive electric savings

Pilot Participation Benefits

� Free building simulation & technical assistance

– To identify cost-effective energy efficiency measures and

verify the building performance

� Utility program incentives for project team

� Maximized energy savings, reduced GHG emissions.

158

October

2009

� Maximized energy savings, reduced GHG emissions.

� Marketing benefits, including national recognition

– Potential use as a case studies for program marketing

� Quality assurance through program protocols

– Home energy raters (HERS raters) conduct onsite testing and

inspections to verify the energy efficient measures

Building Energy Code Training

Program Type Training (Classroom & Field)

Implementer BII - Building Industry Institute (PG&E third-party)

Market Sector Single-Family & Multi-Family

159

Training

Title 24 Overview of Title-24Lighting DesignQuality Control practices and proceduresQuality Insulation Installation benefits & creditsCommon insulation installation problemsDuct installation & diagnostic testingField Verification opportunities, benefits and requirementsUtility and other marketing programs

ContactAndrew Au, AAu@ConSol.ws (209.473.5049)

http://www.bect.ws/

Upcoming Trainings

� Introduction: CMFNH Webinar

– Webinar: Tuesday, June 22, 2010

� Intermediate: Multi-Family Energy Efficiency

– West Sacramento: Wednesday, July 14, 2010

160

– West Sacramento: Wednesday, July 14, 2010

� Advanced: Multi-Family Building Simulation

– San Ramon: Wednesday, May 19, 2010

Register: www.h-m-g.com/multifamily/training

Design Resources

� DOE Building America Program

– www.buildingamerica.gov

� EPA ENERGY STAR® Program

– www.energystar.gov

� US Green Building Council

161

� US Green Building Council

– www.usgbc.org

� Energy Design Resources (Savings By Design)

– www.energydesignresources.com

� American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air

Conditioning Engineers

– www.ashrae.org

Energy Efficiency Resources

� California Association of Building Energy Consultants

– www.cabec.org

� Home Energy Magazine

– www.homenergy.com

� Title 24 Energy Standards

– www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2008standards

162

– www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2008standards

� Title 24 Energy Standards

– www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings

� Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association

– www.gamanet.org

� National Fenestration Rating Council

– www.nfrc.org

Renewable Energy Resources

� Solar Ratings & Certification Corporation

– www.solar-rating.org (SRCC)

� California Solar Energy Industries Association

– www.calseia.org (CalSEIA)

� Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Office

– www.eere.energy.gov (EERE)

163

– www.eere.energy.gov (EERE)

� National Renewable Energy Laboratory

– www.nrel.gov (NREL)

Thank you!

164

Thank you!

Heschong Mahone Group 916.962.7001

Linda Murphy murphy@h-m-g.com

Jeff Staller staller@h-m-g.com