Post on 22-Dec-2015
Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching
Integrating Instructional Software into Teaching & Learning
INSTRUCTIONAL SOFTWARE
Programs developed for the sole purpose of delivering instruction or supporting learning activities
• Drill & Practice
• Tutorial
• Simulation
• Instructional Games
• Problem-Solving
• ILS: Combination of Above
Instructional Software Classifications
DRILL AND PRACTICE
Allow learners to work problems or answer questions and get feedback on correctness.
Drill and Practice activities have frequently been shown to allow the effective rehearsal students need to transfer newly learned information into long term memory. (Merrill & Salisbury, 1984; Salisbury, 1990)
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Drill and Practice (continued)
Kahn (1998-1999) cites drill and practice as a worthwhile software substitute for paper worksheets.
According to Gagne (1982) and Bloom (1986) students need to develop automaticity or automatic recall of lower order skills to help them master higher order ones faster and more easily. Many teachers believe this can be achieved by the use of drill and practice software.
DRILL AND PRACTICE
Three criteria for well-designed programs
• Control over
presentation
• Appropriate feedback
• Answer reinforcement
DRILL AND PRACTICE
Three benefits compared to paper exercises
• Immediate feedback
• Motivational• Saves teacher time
DRILL AND PRACTICE
Two classroom applications
• To supplement or replace worksheets
• To assist in preparing for objective tests
DRILL AND PRACTICE
Some guidelines for using drill & practice
• Set time limits
• Assign individually
• Use learning
stations
Act like human tutors by providing all the information and instructional activities a learner needs to master a topic:
Information summaries Explanations Practice routines Feedback Assessment
TUTORIALS
TUTORIALS
Four criteria for well-designed programs
• Extensive interaction• Through user control• Appropriate &
comprehensive sequencing
• Adequate answer-judging & feedback
TUTORIALS
Three ways to use tutorials
• Self-paced reviews
• Alternative learning
strategies
• When teachers are
not available
SIMULATIONS
A simulation is a computerized model of a real or imagined system designed to teach how a system works.
Unlike tutorials and drill and practice activities in which the structure is built into the package, learners must create their own sequence for using simulations.
SIMULATIONS
Four types of simulations
• Physical (Users manipulate objects or
phenomena represented on the screen)
• Iterative (Speed up or slow down
processes)
• Procedural (Teach the appropriate
sequence of steps to perform certain
procedures)
• Situational (These programs give
students hypothetical problem situations and
ask them to react.)
SIMULATIONS
Benefits of using simulations
• Compress time
• Slow down processes
• Get students
involved
• Make
experimentation safe
SIMULATIONS
Additional benefits of using simulations Make the impossible
possible Save resources Repeat with variations Make situations
controllable
SIMULATIONS
Ways to use simulations• Lab experiments• Replacement or supplement to role
playing• Replacement or supplement to field
trips• Introducing a new topic• Fostering exploration• Encouraging cooperation & group
work
INSTRUCTIONAL GAMES
Instructional games are courseware designed to increase motivation by adding game rules to learning activities
INSTRUCTIONAL GAMES
Game Characteristics
• Game rules• Elements of
competition & challenge
• Amusing or entertaining formats
INSTRUCTIONAL GAMES
Three ways to use games
• In place of worksheets and
exercises
• To foster cooperation and group
work
• As a reward
PROBLEM SOLVING
Two views on fostering problem solving
• As component skills that can be
taught (Teach directly through explanation and/or
practice the steps involved in solving problems)
• Inquiry approach (Help learners acquire
problem-solving skills by giving them opportunities to
solve problems)
PROBLEM SOLVING
Benefits of using problem solving
• Motivates students to solve problems
• Keeps knowledge from becoming inert