Post on 03-Apr-2018
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To get all there is out of living,
we must employ our time wisely,
never being in too much of ahurry to stop and sip life,
but never losing our sense of
the enormous
value of a minute.
Robert Updegraff
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Human and animals have abundant bacterial
flora that are usually a general balance exists
between man (host) and his environment .
The host parasite interaction is influenced byhost factors as well as infecting micro-
organisms . The out come of this interaction
can range from no demonstratable effect to
death.
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The lodgment and multiplication of
organisms in the tissue of host constitutes
infection .
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An infection occurs as a result of cyclic process
consisting of six components ;
Infectious agent .
Reservoir. Portal of exit.
Mode of transmission.
Portal of entry.
Susceptible host.
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It is the point at which organism enter a
host . The organism must find a portal of
entry to a host or it may die.
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Micro organism can continue to exist only in
a source that is acceptable and only if they
overcome resistance ,mounted by host
defenses .
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Integrity on skin and mucus membrane .
pH levels of gastro-intestinal and genito-
urinary tracts.
Integrity and number of bodys white bloodcells.
Age, sex and hereditary factors which
influence susceptibility immunity fatigue and
stress level .
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An organism may be transmitted
from its reservoir by various means
or routes . Organisms can enter the
body by way of contact route eitherdirect or indirectly.
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Medical asepsis refers to all
practices used to protect the
patients and his environmentfrom the transmission of disease
producing organism (prevention
of cross infection).
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An article is considered to be clean when it is
free from pathogenic organisms. The
following steps should be considered when
cleaning the articles:
Rinse the articles first with cold water to
remove the organic material .
Wash the articles in hot water and soap.
Soap has an emulsifying action and reducessurface tension which facilitates the removal
of dirt. Rinsing with water assists in washing
the dirt again.
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Use an Abrasive such as a stiff brittle brush
and a paste or powder to wash the articles.
Brush which help to remove dirt from the
grooves and corners.
Rinse the article with clean water.
Dry them with the towel there is less chance
for the bacteria and dirt to lodge on to thecleansed article when it is dry.
Disinfect or sterilize if infected.
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The infection can be transferred from person
to person through contaminated hands.
Careful washing of the hands reduces the
number of bacterias . Hand washing
involves both mechanical and chemical
action. The running water and friction used
in cleaning are the mechanical action for
cleaning . The soap will emulsify the fat and
lower the surface tension of water,
facilitates the removal of microorganisms n
dirt and oils.
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Cut short nails a long nail will give route tothe dirt and micro organisms.
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Remove the jewellery of all type open the
tap and wet hands and fore arms . Always
hold the hands below the elbow levelbecause hands are considered to be more
contaminated than the elbows ,hence the
water should flow from the area of less
contaminated(Elbow) to the area of morecontaminated(Hands).
Apply soap or detergent . Rinse the soap
before it is returned to the container.
Wash hands thoroughly. Make sure the inter-digital spaces are well cleansed by washing
each fingers separately. Use brush to dislodge
the dirt under the nail buds.
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Rinse hands by keeping the hands well below
the elbow level. The water flows from elbow
to the hands .
Repeat the procedure (application of soap
and rinsing with water) to ensure thorough
cleanliness.
Dry the arms and hands, staring at the elbowand working towards the hands. Discard the
towel.
Turn off the water using a paper towel
because the hand is contaminated.
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Gloves are used in the medical asepsis to protect the nurse
from the pathogens. They serve as a barrier when the
nurse handles articles contaminated by feces or wounddischarges. Gloves may be worn by the nurses to protect
the patients with poor resistance.
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The isolation gown should be made with long
sleeves , long skirt and high neck to cover
the clothing of the wearer .The isolation
gowns should be used only once and then
discarded.
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Masks are generally used to prevent the spread
of micro organisms to and from patients, through
the respiratory tract. Masks should be worn only
once and then discarded to ensure effective
filtering of micro organisms. Masks that become
wet are less effective and should be worn not
more than 1-2 hours at a time
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Protective eye wear such as goggles or a faceshield must be available whenever there is a
risk of contaminating the mucous membrane
of eye.
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Practice good hand hygiene .
Keep away the soiled items and equipments touching the
clothing .
Avoid having patients cough, sneeze and breath directly on
others . Move equipments away from you when brushing, dusting,
or scrubbing.
Avoid raising dust . Use a specifically treated clothes or a
damped cloth. Do not shake linen.
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Hand washing is also required before and after using the
rest rooms if the hands are not visibly soiled , an alcohol
based rub can be used.
before and after direct contact with patients.
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If Before and after using gloves.
If moving from a contamination body site to a clean body
site to a clean body site to a clear body site during the
patient care. Before inserting urinary catheter, peripheral vascular
catheter or invasive devices.
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After contact with objects located in the
patients environment.
Effective hand washing requires at
15sec scrub with plane soap or warm
water. Hands that are visibly soiled needs
a longer scrub. Although health care
personal know the importance of goodhand hygiene most studies that report
that compliance with this simple
preventive measures is difficult to
achieve.
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Cleansing , disinfection and sterilization helps
to break the cycle of infection and prevent
disease. Most health agencies provides patient
care items that are sterile then purchased and
disposed after use.
Health agencies usually maintain a centralsupply unit where most re-usable equipment is
cleaned in the home and in some small health
agencies, the nurses sometimes supplies that are
safe for the patient use.Severe processes are used to destroy micro
organisms. Disinfection destroys all pathogenic
organisms except spores.
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Used equipment may be disposed off after
use or if re-usable , bagged according to the
agency policy, sent to a central cleaning area
and sterilized or disinfected.
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1. A sterile object remain sterile only when
touched by another sterile object.
2. Only sterile object may be placed on a sterilefield.
3. A sterile object or field out of the range of
vision or an object held below the persons
waist is contaminated.4. A sterile object or field becomes contaminated
by prolonged exposure to air.
5. When a sterile surface comes in contact with a
wet, contaminated surface, the sterile objector field becomes contaminated by capillary
action.
6. Fluid flows in the direction of gravity.
7. The edges of sterile field or container areconsidered to be contaminated.
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Instruct client about cleaning equipments
using soap and water and disinfecting with anappropriate disinfectant.
Demonstrate proper hand hygiene explaining
that it should be done before and after the
treatments and infected body fluids arecontacted .
Instruct the clients about the signs and
symptoms of wound infection.
Instruct clients to place contaminated
dressing and other disposable material
containing infection body fluids in plastic
bags; place needles in metal container such
as soda cans and take the o enin s shut.
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Hence we being Health care professionals
should know regarding the universal
precautions as we are the ones who play a
vital role in causing and preventing the
transmission of infection to the clients. So
following these measures will help us to
provide holistic care to the clients.
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