Clark W. GellingsFellow

IEEE IASJanuary , 201219

Innovation & Smart Grids

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CWG/9250P

Near-Zero Emissions

Long-Term Operations

Renewable Integration

Water Management

Electric Vehicles

Demand Response & Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Energy Storage

Sensors & Control

Cyber Security

Supply = Demand

The Power System

Supply to DemandRequires a full portfolio of innovative technologies.

Tomorrow’s Power System

One size does not fit all

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Key Technical Issues

Long-TermOperations

SmartGrid

EnergyEfficiency

Near-ZeroEmissions

Water ResourceManagement

Renewable Resourcesand Integration

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Many Definitions IBM Smart Grid

IntelliGridSMIntelliGridSM

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Highly Instrumented with Advanced Sensors and ComputingInterconnected by

a Communication Fabric that

Reaches Every Device

• Engaging Consumers• Enhancing Efficiency• Ensuring Reliability• Enabling Renewables & Electric Transportation

What is The Smarter and Stronger Grid?

Many Definitions – But One VISION

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CWG/9250PSource: EPRI Report to NIST on Smart Grid Interoperability, June 2009

Smart Grid Domains

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Dynamic Systems Infrastructure: Basics

EfficientBuildingSystems

UtilityCommunications

DynamicSystemsControl

SmartEnd-UseDevices

ControlInterface

AdvancedMetering

Consumer Portal& Building EMS

Internet

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The Portal Empowers Consumers

Choice Convenience Value

• Connectivityto electricity markets

• Information on consumption

• Access toother services

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The Portal Empowers Consumers

• Choose suppliers• Select tariff• Monitoring usage• Respond to price signals• Monitor appliances

and devices• Remotely program

operations• Consolidate bills• Outage detection• PQ monitoring• Security• Data• Entertainment

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Dynamic Systems Infrastructure:Utility Operations

EfficientBuildingSystems

UtilityCommunications

DynamicSystemsControl

DataManagement

DistributionOperations

SmartEnd-UseDevices

ControlInterface

AdvancedMetering

Consumer Portal& Building EMS

Internet

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Dynamic Systems Infrastructure:Consumer Opportunities

EfficientBuildingSystems

UtilityCommunications

DynamicSystemsControl

DataManagement

DistributionOperations

Plug-In Hybrids

SmartEnd-UseDevices

ControlInterface

AdvancedMetering

Consumer Portal& Building EMS

Internet

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Dynamic Systems Infrastructure:Consumer Opportunities

EfficientBuildingSystems

UtilityCommunications

DynamicSystemsControl

DataManagement

DistributionOperations

DistributedGeneration& Storage

Plug-In Hybrids

SmartEnd-UseDevices

ControlInterface

AdvancedMetering

Consumer Portal& Building EMS

Internet Renewables

PV

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EfficientBuildingSystems

UtilityCommunications

DynamicSystemsControl

DataManagement

DistributionOperations

DistributedGeneration& Storage

Plug-In Hybrids

SmartEnd-UseDevices

ControlInterface

AdvancedMetering

Consumer Portal& Building EMS

Internet Renewables

PV

Dynamic Systems Infrastructure

Interoperabilityand

Functionality

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EfficientBuildingSystems

UtilityCommunications

DynamicSystemsControl

DataManagement

DistributionOperations

DistributedGeneration& Storage

Plug-In Hybrids

SmartEnd-UseDevices

ControlInterface

AdvancedMetering

Consumer Portal& Building EMS

Internet Renewables

PV

Dynamic Systems Infrastructure

IP AddressableDevices & Tools

For DataIntegration

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The Evolution of Dynamic Systems

• Low TOU penetration and response

• Not verifiable

• Modest use of load control

• Standardized design

• Interoperable devices

• Make it simple and automated

• Learn and adapt to consumer and building behavior

Historic Tomorrow Future

Evolve to Provide for development Enable

Automated Demand

Response

Ubiquitous System

Dynamic Systems

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EfficientBuildingSystems

UtilityCommunications

DynamicSystemsControl

DataManagement

DistributionOperations

DistributedGeneration& Storage

Plug-In Hybrids

SmartEnd-UseDevices

ControlInterface

AdvancedMetering

Consumer Portal& Building EMS

Internet Renewables

PV

Dynamic Systems Infrastructure – Example

• Thermostat receivesday-ahead hourlyprices

• Consumer sets upperand lower limits

• Thermostat “learns”thermal, consumerand weather impacts

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Smart Infrastructure… “Prices to Devices”SM

BaseloadGeneration

Load-FollowingGeneration

InterruptibleLoad

Built-InDemand

RenewableGeneration

Fuel-BasedDG

Smart DemandResponse= – –+/–

Smart End-Use Devices

+ +

Day-ahead Hourly PricesOff-Peak Prices On-Peak Prices

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EfficientBuildingSystems

DynamicSystemsControl

DataManagement

DistributedGeneration& Storage

Plug-In Hybrids

SmartEnd-UseDevices

ControlInterface

AdvancedMetering

Consumer Portal& Building EMS

Internet Renewables

PV

Dynamic Systems Infrastructure – Example

Time of Day

UtilityCommunications

DistributionOperations12

Midnight12

Midnight12

Noon

Demand

PreCool

Clip

Recover

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New Infrastructures Need to be Integrated

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Building-Level Local Energy Network

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Campus-Level Local Energy Network

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Bulk Power System

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Community-Level Local Energy Network

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Distribution System

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Market Operator

System Operator

Master Controller

Distribution Management

System

Master Controller

Master Controller

Creating an Architecture with Multi-Level Controllers

Bulk PowerSystem Distribution

System

Community LEN

Campus LEN

Building LEN

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Example of Losses in the Value Chain

coal electricity electricity

Light, heat,

motion, etc.)

100 ~30

~ 65% loss

~ 7% loss

~28

~ 88% loss (incandescent)

~3

U.S.: More than 210 billion kWh per year is lost in the delivery of electricity from power plant to end-use devices

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Reduced Losses: Opportunities for Improving Efficiency

Shield Wire SegmentationAdvanced ConductorsBundle OptimizationCorona/Insulation LossesVoltage Optimization

Transmission DistributionSectionalizers

Distributed Regulators

Substation Regulators

Capacitor Banks

Communication Network

Advanced Distribution Optimization

RealtimeMetering

SectionalizersDistributed Regulators

Substation Regulators

Capacitor Banks

Communication Network

Advanced Distribution Optimization

RealtimeMetering

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Increased Power Flow

Lead Time

Cos

t

AC to DC Conversion50% - 250%

Current Uprating15% - 20%

Voltage Upgrades50% - 100%

Reconductor20% - 50%

Power Flow Technologies20% - 50%

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High-Temperature, Low-Sag Conductors

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Solid State Current Limiter (SSCL)

Value• Enhanced ability to utilize

existing equipment to manage increasing fault current

R&D Highlight• First ever 15kV class SSCL

design, manufacture and testing at full power

Next Steps• Design refinement for field

testing, 69kV designSSCL: 15kV, 1200 A continuous80 kA rms Symmetric fault current

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How It Works – The Sagometer

• A small camera “looks at” a target on the line• Artificial intelligence in the camera determines sag

(clearance)• Data is sent, along with weather and load information, to

the DTCR software package

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Sensor ApplicationsAutomate Inspection & Condition Assessment

Antenna ArrayWireless Mesh On-Line FRA 3D Acoustics Backscatter

Tri-State

SCANA

Powerlink

CenterPoint

Alliant

TNB

PNM

Southern Company

TVA

NYPAATC

Con EdNational Grid

PSE&G

DukeFirstEnergy

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Smart Grid:Enabling PHEV Through Smart Charging

MainframeMainframeMainframe

Back Office Systems

MainframeMainframeMainframeMainframeMainframeMainframe

Back Office Systems

Plug-In VehicleAMI Path

Smart Charging Back EndEnergy Management, Cust ID, Billing

Non-AMI Path

StandardInterface

• Utility – Auto industry collaboration

• Standardize interface vehicle-to-grid

• Open systems

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(a) (b)

(a) Ratings (Source: Siemens)(b) Various applications (Source: ABB)

Power Semiconductor Devices & Applications

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Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)

• FACTS: A “World Class” set of electric transmission VAR and flow path control devices that have extremely fast time response capabilities to match changing load and flow conditions

• FACTS devices utilize solid state electronic switches, which evolved from the “Second” Silicon Revolution– High speed– High power (voltage and

current)

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Apply Dynamic Thermal Circuit Rating (DTCR)

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FACTS Enhances Transmission Capacity

FACTSDevice

Air

Static SynchronousCompensator (STATCOM)

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FACTS Redirects Flow

FACTSDevice

Unified Power Flow Controller

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FACTS Redirects Flow

FACTSDevice

Convertible StaticCompensator (CSC)

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FACTS in DC Transmission

Air

FACTSDevice

FACTSDevice

DCTransmission

Losses

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Energy Balance

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Imbalance Conditions

• Over-generation– Total Generation > Total Load– Frequency > 60 Hz– Generators momentarily

speed up• Under-generation

– Total Generation < Total Load– Frequency < 60 Hz– Generators momentarily slow

down

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Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity