Information Processing / Forgetting /Memory Construction

How do we process information?•3 basic steps:

•1. Encoding: getting information into your memory.

•2. Storage: Retaining information into memory over time.

•3. Retrieval: getting information out of memory storage.

Think of it like this:

Encoding

storage

retrieval

3 ways of Processing Information:

•1. Automatic Processing- unconscious process of encoding certain information without effort.

•2. Effortful Processing- encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

•3. Overlearning- continuing to rehearse information even after it has been memorized.

Think of it like this:

Automatic Processing

Effortful Processing

Overlearning

Effects:• SERIAL POSITION

EFFECT:

• Sematic encoding- encoding of meaning

Self Reference- Effect: enhanced sematic encoding of information that is personally relevant.

Mnemonic Devices:•A Memonic Devicce is a memory trick or

technique. •Method of loci- device in which you

associate items you want to remember with imaginary places.

•Peg- word- system-device in which you associate items you want to remember with a list of words you have already memorized.

•Chunking- organinzing memory into meaningful units.

Mnemonic Devices:Peg Word System

Types of Memories:•Sensory Memory:•Is the brief, initial encoding of sensory

information in the memory system.•Short-term –Memory: is more permanent

than sensory memory.•Long- Term Mmeory: is the realtively

permanent and limitless store house of the memory system.

•Flashbub Memory: a vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

When you see this, what do you think of?

Types of Memories Continued:•Long Term Putenation- occurs when the

sequence of neurons thatrepresents a particula memory.

Explicit Memory: memory of facts and experiences.

Implicit Memory: memory of skills and procedures.

Chart: Long- Term Memories:

Explicit : With

conscious recall

Implicit: Without

conscious recall

Facts , general Knowledge &

personally experienced

events

Hippocampus

cerebellum Motor skills,

cognitive skills

Recall & Recognition:•Recall: retrieval , you must search for info

that you previously stored. A in a fill the blank test.

•Recognition: Identify items you learned . As in a multiple choice test.

•Context Effect –enhanced ability to retreive info, when you are in an envoirment similar to the one in which you encoded the info.

Sigmund Freud:

• Sigmund Freud :• (German pronunciation: , born

Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis.

• His repression theory:• The theory of moving anxiety producing

memories to the unconscious mind.

• Freud went on to develop theories about the unconscious mind and the mechanism of nrepression, and established the field of verbal psychotherapy by creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient (or "analysand") and a psychoanalyst.

Sigmund Freud:“ When the mind rests , the subconscious whispers”

Types of Memories Continued Part 2:• State Dependence Memory: same physical and emotional

state you where in when you encoded the info.

Permastone Memory: long term memories that are specially resistant to forgetting and are likely to last a lifetime.

• Proactive Interfearance: When an older memory disrupts the recall of a newer memory.

• Retroactive interfearance: a more recent memory disrupts the recall of an older memory.

&….. Misinformation effect:•Incorporating misleading information into

a memory of an event.

•Example: Gossip.

Sources:•www.answers.com/topic/psychology•www.human-memory.net/types.html

•www.human-memory.net/types.html

•Psychology Textbook: Thinking about psychology , the science of mind and behavior.