Post on 03-Apr-2018
7/28/2019 Induction Surface Hardening
1/10
TECHNOLOGY FORCES (Technol. forces): PAF-KIET Journal of Engineering and Sciences
Volume 01, Number 02, July-December 2007
Abstract
In this paper, major factors in design of high frequency induc-
tion-heating equipment for surface hardening purpose are dis-
cussed. After a brief theoretical review of the basic concepts
involved in surface hardening, the influence of ratio current
penetration depth to the workpiece diameter (d/) on the effi-
ciency and the power induced in the workpiece are discussed.
Different types of hardening and quenching techniques, which
are to be given due considerations while designing the equip-
ment, are also described in detail. Mathematical computationshave been intentionally avoided to ease matters for non-special-
ist readers. In conclusion, factors affecting the inductor design
and the design requirements for radio frequency power source
are outlined.
1. INTRODUCTION
Induction surface hardening is widely applied in transport, ma-
chine tool and metal industries, engaged in heat treatment of
machining elements. The advantages that led to the widespread
application of induction surface hardening include: rapid heat-
ing, low scaling, less machining, fast cycle time, precise control
of temperature, localized heating, no decarburization and no
large scale grain.
Induction surface hardening is a heat treatment process used to
increase the durability of machine tool elements subjected to
high stresses. By durability is meant the improvement in the
resistance to wear and greater torsion strength. Many types of
steel are surface hardened with heat to increase toughness and
resistance to wear. High quality alloy steel can be replaced by
cheaper carbon steel which has been surface hardened by induc-
tion method. The induction method of hardening offers the pos-
sibility of confining the heat to the outer layer subjected to
stresses without affecting the hardness of the core. A tough
original core with hardened surface layer offers considerable
mechanical and dynamic advantage.
2. INDUCTION HARDENING CONCEPTS
In induction surface hardening only the outer surface layer is
heated to a hardening temperature (7500C for steel) and then
cooled immediately by means of spray of water, air or oil after a
certain metallurgical allowable time. Not all the materials are
capable of being hardened. The hardenable material must contain
alloy or carbon content as it plays a vital role in the build-up of
the desired hardness. For adequate hardness, the carbon content
present in the material should not be less than 0.35%. Steel,
alloy steel and castings are some examples of the material ca-
pable of being hardened.
Fig: 1 shows the basic arrangement for induction surface harden-
ing comprising of an inductor made of hollow copper tubing
which surrounds the workpiece to be hardened. and a power
source supplying the inductor with AC frequency power. The
magnetic field established in the inductor induces a voltage in the
workpiece, which drives a current on the surface of the workpiece
and heats the steel temperature,
Increase in the work piece is both due to Joules heat and under
certain circumstances due to losses that occur when the mag-
netic field reverses (hysteresis). Since the magnetic field changes
with the frequency of the applied voltage, the current distribu-
tion over the cross-section of the work piece is not uniform.
Instead the current density is maximum and concentrated on the
upper surface decreases exponentially according to: I = I0 e-x/
.....(1) from the upper surface to the interior of the workpiece
[Fig: 2]. At high frequencies the effect of the current being con-
centrated at the upper surface of the workpiece (skin effect] is
Major Factors in the Design of Induction Heating Equipment
for Surface Hardening
Junaid A. Siddiqui* and Ghulam Rasool Mughal**
College of Engineering
Pakistan Air Force-Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology, Korangi Creek
Karachi-75190 (Pakistan)Received on October 3, 2007; Accepted on November 28, 2007
* Author for correspondence. E-mail:
** E mail:
72
Fig. 1. Basic arrangement for induction hardening.
7/28/2019 Induction Surface Hardening
2/10
TECHNOLOGY FORCES (Technol. forces): PAF-KIET Journal of Engineering and Sciences
Volume 01, Number 02, July-December 2007
more pronounced so that the center of the core is practically free
of current. The thickness of the layer in which the current is
attenuated to 37% of its initial value at the surface is termed as
current penetration depth . The heat distribution over thesurface of the workpiece is dependent on the depth of penetra-
tion of electrical current. For practical purposes, equation
= 503 /......(2) holds good. Here, (mm) represents thecurrent penetration depth, ( m), the specific resistance, the relative permeability (mm2) and frequency, (Hz) of the
power source required for hardening. Equation (1) indicates that
for high frequencies and low resistivity of the material selected
for hardening, the current penetration depth will also be low.
Consequently, the heat distribution and hardening depth, which
is a function of current penetration, will also be shallower andconfined to the upper surface (skin effect). This property has
been made useable in induction surface hardening where low
penetration depths are desired and are obtained at high frequen-
cies and high power densities. The skin effect alone, however
does not determine the temperature distribution over the
workpiece cross-section. As a result of conduction and depend-
ing upon heating time, a part of the heat also flows to the interior
of the workpiece. The heating time selected, is therefore, very
short so that the amount of heat that travels to the interior of the
workpiece as a result of conduction is minimum. Given the
dimensions and the hardening temperature, the hardening depth
will depened on the steel quality, frequency, power density,
heating time and the geometry of the workpiece [1, 3].
Current penetration depth is an important parameter in the de-
sign of induction hardening equipment, because it finally deter-
mines the depth of the upper surface layer being heated. Since
the magnitude of the frequency of the power source and the
parameters of the workpiece material determine the current pen-
etration depth, they have a considerable influence in the design
of induction hardening equipment including the power source.
The material parameters and are strongly temperature de-
pendent. In surface hardening of ferromagnetic materials and
steel below the Curie point, r increases in direct proportion tothe increase in temperature and it can lie in the range between 1
and 103-104. For non-magnetic materials and steel above the
Curie point (7800C), r approaches unity, thereby resulting inrapid increase of. This rapid increase of beyond the Curie
point is especially useful, since it minimizes the danger of uppersurface getting overheated. Fig. 3 shows as a function of theoperating frequencies for different material. This rapid increase
is especially visible in case of iron between 15 840 0C [3].
73
Surface distance
Currentdensity
Fig. 2. Exponential curve showing distribution of current
density as a function of distance from the
upper surface of the workpiece [1].
Operating frequency
Pene
trationdepth
Al: Aluminium; Cu: Copper; Fe: Iron; Ni: Nickel; B: Brass
Fig. 3. Current penetration depth as a function of operating
frequencies.
3. CHOICE OF FREQUENCY
In the design of induction heating equipment, it is important to
know the frequency range within which the equipment must
operate. The suitable operating frequency depends on the work
piece dimension and the desired hardening depth. The usual
frequency range lies between 500Hz - 10 kHz medium frequency
and 100 kHz - 2MHz high frequency range. The maximum en-
ergy transfer in induction hardening between inductor and
workpiece occurs at low current penetration depth (i.e high
frequency). However, it is to be noted that the thermal effi-
ciency deteriorates with decreasing . According to Kretzmann[3], the frequency selected for hardening must therefore, be such
that the current penetration depth does not exceed 1/8 times the
workpiece diameter. The substitution of this size of the
workpiece in equation 1, gives an expression: Fmin
= 16106/d2 Hz.......eq. 3. This expression can be used to find out theminimum frequency value [3]. The minimum frequency value
sets a limit while designing the power source for induction hard-
ening equipment. This limit can be exceeded if reasonable effi-
ciency is to be obtained but it cannot be lowered. The effect of
ratio d/ is shown in the Table: 1. The plot of fmin
[3] against the
workpiece dimensions gives the minimum values of frequencies
for different types of materials and is shown in Fig: 4. For a
definite frequency, there is also a minimum workpiece dimen-
7/28/2019 Induction Surface Hardening
3/10
TECHNOLOGY FORCES (Technol. forces): PAF-KIET Journal of Engineering and Sciences
Volume 01, Number 02, July-December 2007
sion at which the efficiency is the most reasonable. Table1 gives
approximate formulae for calculating the minimum frequency
corresponding to minimum workpiece diameter [1, 2].
Table 1. Influence of the ratio d/ on the efficiency.
Workpiece dia 8 6 4 2 1 0.4 0.1
Current Penetration
Depth (d/)
Efficiency(%) 95 85 65 30 10 4 1
(Energy conversion)
4. INDUCED POWER
Induced power is another factor, which influences the design of
induction hardening equipment. For various geometrical shapes
to be hardened the induced power is calculated by:
P = 1,987 x 10-9 x H2 x A x m x (KW) eq. (4)
where m= f (d/) is a factor depending on the actual shape, anddimensions of workpiece and the value of the current penetra-
tion depth.
The plot of m=f (d/) for different shapes in Fig: 5 showthat mexhibits maximum at a particular value of d/. [1]. For larger ratioof workpiece diameters to the current penetration depth d/, the
power absorbed approaches nearly 100% [Table 2].
Hence, in practice attempts are made to keep the ratio d/ equalto or greater than 4. This means a power absorption of 65%,
with the decreasing ratio, however, the power absorbed reduces
so much that it nearly equals the radiation losses [3].
5. HARDENING DEPTH
Hardening depth is always greater than penetration depth of
current because even after the heated layer is cooled, the heat
penetrates still further as a result of conduction. Hardening depth
is dependent on frequency, heating time and power densities.
The heating time is further dependent on quenching techniques
and quenching medium. Besides, hardening depth depends on
factors, which vary partially during the heating cycle. The exact
determination of hardening depth is, therefore, for the same
reason not possible. However, curves have been developed which
give practical results. Fig 6(a),and 6 (b) show curves for both
single shot (static) and scanning (progressive) method of hard-ening with the help of which hardening depth for different power
densities, heating time and feed rate can be found. It is obvious
74
Fe: Iron; M: Bronze; Cu: Copper
Fig. 4. Minimum frequency in relation to the work piece
diameter for different materials [2].
Fig. 5. Effect of the ratio d/ on the induced power fordifferent geometrical shapes [3].
Diameter
Frequency
Hz
Table 2. Minimum diameter of the workpiece for definite
frequency range.
d in mm
Geometry of 25 100 400 900
the workpiece
f(KHz) 50 100 400 -
Rectangular 2500 70 50 25 1.7
d2
Circular 15000 7.8 3.9 6.5 13
d2
d/ (Ratio)
Indu
cedpower
7/28/2019 Induction Surface Hardening
4/10
TECHNOLOGY FORCES (Technol. forces): PAF-KIET Journal of Engineering and Sciences
Volume 01, Number 02, July-December 2007
from the fig: 7 that by changing the heating time and power
densities, hardening depths of 0.25m and 3m can be obtained. In
case (a) power density of 2.5KW/cm2 will be required for a
heating time of 0.30 s. In case (b), 0.4KW/cm2 are needed for a
heating time of 10s.[4,5]. The surface temperatures achieved in
these cases are 850 and 1100 0C, respectively.
A comparison of these figures shows that larger hardening depths
can be obtained with smaller high frequency power. Small power
densities result in longer heating time till the hardening tempera-
ture is reached. During this long heating time the heat penetrates
deeper into the workpiece, which gives a greater hardening depth
after it, is cooled. Smaller hardening depth therefore requires
larger high frequency energy source and results in high investition
costs. [6, 4, 5].
6. HARDENING TECHNIQUES
The optimum results for a definite hardening job depend on the
hardening techniques. While designing the equipment for induc-
tion hardening, care must be taken to select the techniques, which
incur minimum costs per hardened workpiece under given elec-
trical, thermal and metallurgical conditions. Basically, two meth-
ods of surface hardening are in use, the single shot (static) andscanning (progressive) method of hardening Fig: 8a, 8b. All other
methods are either a combination or a modification of either of
these two methods. In single shot (static) hardening the
workpiece is placed inside a suitable designed inductor, the power
is switched on for a predetermined time and the workpiece is
removed and then quenched.
The quench-head is often located below the inductor and sprays
water into the workpiece at the end of the heating cycle. Single
shot method is usually applied to harden smaller cross -sections
of oblong workpieces such as hardening of bearing surfaces,
collars, undercuts and fillets.
In scanning operation the workpiece inductor are moved rela-
tively close to each other. This method is particularly suited to
the hardening of the whole surfaces of long shafts and pipes.
With the inductor usually being fixed, while the workpiece moves,
the heat is continuous and so is the quenching. The scanning
speed is 2-60m/s. The scanning speed must be such that the time
required for the movement of the workpiece into the cooling ring
lies within the metallurgical limit. In general, the length of the
hardening zone in scanning operation is greater than the length of
the inductor and the cooling ring. Instatic-hardening the induc-
75
Fig. 6. (a)Variation of hardening depth with power
density [17].
Fig. 7. Variation of hardening depth with the surface power
density at a frequency of 1 MHz [5]. T= Heating time.
f = 500 KHz; S = 00.75 mm
Fig. 6. (b) Variation of hardening depth with density [13].
Hardening depth (mm)
Powerdensity
f =1MHz
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hardening depth (mm)
Powerdensity
800C =0.75 mmkwcm2
2
00 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Hardening depth (mm)
Powerdensity
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
100
200
kwcm2
7/28/2019 Induction Surface Hardening
5/10
7/28/2019 Induction Surface Hardening
6/10
TECHNOLOGY FORCES (Technol. forces): PAF-KIET Journal of Engineering and Sciences
Volume 01, Number 02, July-December 2007
are used as buffers. The machine cycle is mainly determined by
the hardening sequence. Stalling of the material flow i.e a lack of
components on the incoming side and an accumulation of
workpieces on the outgoing side trigger the cycle of the devices,
without influencing the hardening results and no action has to be
taken by the operator. Fully automatic hardening machines are
usually applied for a throughput of one type only for verysimilar type of the workpieces, whereas the semi-automatic
machines are mostly used for a medium throughput of a large
variety of component type [4, 10].
In practice, machines have been developed which can be used for
both static and scanning mode of operation for surface harden-
ing. Especially two basic designs of machines have been usually
adopted, namely the vertical type design and the rotary bank
type. In the vertical type machine, Fig: 9 the workpiece is brought
into the inductor and clamped on both sides. Heating of the
workpiece takes place with or without rotation in static or scan-
ning mode of operation. This design serves the purpose of hard-
ening the workpieces such as shafts and bolts etc. Another fea-
ture of this design is that zonewise heating of the workpiece as
required in the hardening of camshafts is possible. Here, the
workpiece is moved with scanning speed.
Rotary type machines,Fig: 10, have been designed for hardening
of faces and corners of parts such as axle shaft and wheel shafts.
Two parts can be processed at a time with a production rate of
280 parts per hour or even more. The machine has a turn-table
with as many as six stations: In loading, reloading, checking
stations to determine if parts are properly loaded, heating and
quenching. The quench-head is integrated into the inductor etc.
Machines are used for static hardening but can be equipped with
vertical type scanning machines [10, 7].
8. QUENCHING TECHNIQUES
Besides frequency, heating time and power, hardening depth is
also dependent on quenching techniques, medium of quenching
and speed of quenching. Quenching techniques consideration in
the design of induction hardening equipment are, therefore, as
important as hardening techniques. In general, quenching tech-
niques can be direct or indirect. Usually, direct method of pres-
sure spray quenching technique is chosen as it directly adapts to
the induction hardening set-ups. The quenching mechanism is
built into the inductor, Fig. 11, so as to heat and quench concur-
rently. By adjusting the distance between the quench ring and
the coil, the hardening depth can be influenced.
A quench ring is built around a multiturn coil. It sprays water
through the turns or it can be placed in the line. Inline construc-
tion (workpiece moves into the coil to be quenched) is preferred.
In a separate method, workpiece is quenched in a bath of oil or
water. Usually, bath is agitated, the degree depending on the
steel and shape of the workpiece. The quenching medium water,
oil, air or polymer based liquid is chosen to give the required
metallurgical properties.
Quenching equipment should be designed so as to produce the
desired results. For instance coupling clearance must be consid-
ered to ensure quench effectiveness. Generally in single shot or
static hardening, coupling is quite close (0.06 in). Clearance may
be increased greatly, if it is necessary to harden parts of more
than one diameter.
Since stream velocity of the quenchant drops rapidly as the
quenchant stream lengthens, quench equipment must include a
separate heat exchanger for the control of quenching tempera-
ture. Pressure control must also be provided to ensure optimum
heat removal over the entire surface. Cooling like the heating rate
and austenitising temperature in the surface zone must be uni-
form and at a rate consistent with the type of steel or geometry
of the workpiece [11].
9. INDUCTORS
The inductor is the heart of induction hardening equipment pro-
ducing a magnetic field, which is induced into the workpiece to
be hardened. In surface hardening, the workpiece is very rapidlybrought to a high temperature by means of high frequency cur-
rents, with current densities as much as 6000A/mm2. Such cur-
rent densities therefore require that the material selected for
inductors must possess high thermal conductance and low resis-
tivity. Nearly all the inductors are made of hollow, water-cooled
copper tubes of sufficient cross-section so as to give requisite
mechanical strength and also to carry currents without getting
overheated. The greater the current and power requirements, the
greater the losses. The impedance of the inductor and with that
the resistive losses are affected by various other factors such as
turns, coil diameter and frequency. This means that a coil with a
small diameter and low resistivity material (e.g. copper) and
77
Fig. 11. Inductors with built-in quenching mechanism.
7/28/2019 Induction Surface Hardening
7/10
TECHNOLOGY FORCES (Technol. forces): PAF-KIET Journal of Engineering and Sciences
Volume 01, Number 02, July-December 2007
operating at low frequency will result in minimum losses. How-
ever, greater power inputs result from higher frequencies, so the
designer has to compromise between the most efficient type,
the shape and the power requirement of the material to be hard-
ened. In general high coil efficiencies (taking into account the
power loading into the metal) are achieved at higher frequencies
and large diameters. Coil design, therefore, must be such as togive the best heat pattern and highest degree of effciency.
While designing inductors for surface hardening, the impedance
of the power source must also be kept in mind. This is particu-
larly important if the maximum available power from the energy
source is to be utilized. Inductors are either conected directly to
the resonant circuit of the energy source or through a radio
frequency transformer (Fig. 12). The impedance appearing at
the terminals of the single turn and multiturn inductor lies be-
tween 5-200 m and has to be matched to the impedance of theenergy source.
The form and shape of the workpiece to be hardened alongwith
the contours of the hardening zones determine the design of theinductor. The coil or inductor must be designed to adapt exactly
to the form of the workpiece and the path of the hardening zone
so as to avoid undesireable heating zones and the heat flow
resulting due to mutual effects of the magnetic fields, in case the
inductor only approximately fits into the workpiece. Basically
two inductors are practically in use: the internal and the external
field inductor(Fig: 13), depending on whether the inductor is
surrounded by the workpiece or the workpiece encircles the
inductor. Complication arise when work pieces such as teethed
gearare to be hardened in such cases both internal and external
field configuration are incorporated in the design workpiece.
Coupling is another factor, which must be taken care of whiledesigning inductors. The current density distribution is depen-
dent on the coupling i.e. the distance between the inductor, and
the workpiece. Since magnetic fields are stronger near to the coil
than at any distance away from it, it is advantageous to place the
workpiece close to the inductor, so that the maximum of the heat
energy is transferred to it. The strength of the field varies in-
versely with the square of the distance between the workpiece
and the coil, which means that this consideration will have direct
relation to the amount of heat generated in a workpiece in a given
length of time. With multiturn coils closely coupled to the
workpiece, there is a tendency for the eddy currents to provide
a heat pattern corresponding to the helix of the coil. The wider
the pitch of the coil, the more pronounced will be this heatpattern. Therefore, with a closely wound coil the rotation of the
workpiece becomes essential. When the inductor is more loosely
coupled i. e., at a greater distance from the surface to be heated,
Fig: 14, the stream of eddy currents spreads over a wider area
and rotation of the workpiece may not be necessary..In surface hardening, the inductor currents are of higher frequen-
cies and therefore, the current densities in the inductors will not
be uniform due to skin effect. A further factor, which causes
Fig. 12. HF - matching transformer.
Fig. 13 (a,b). Field distribution pattern of internal and
external field inductors.
Fig. 13(c). Some designs of internal and external
field inductors.
departure from the uniformity, is the proximity effect, which
will cause the bulk of the inductor currents to flow in that part of
the conductor nearest to the workpiece. Although air insulation
between adjacent turns of the coil is adequate from the electrical
point of view, it does not always give the requisite mechanical
rigidity for a coil used in production situation and spacers of
suitable insulation material, which must be capable of with-standing the high temperatures, are used [7, 8, 3].
The production of coils for heating simple shapes to a uniform
depth is straightforward, but designs are very complex in many
instances such as heating of gears where the correct distribution
of magnetic field is important. In many cases, it may be neces-
78
(a) Internal (b) External
7/28/2019 Induction Surface Hardening
8/10
7/28/2019 Induction Surface Hardening
9/10
7/28/2019 Induction Surface Hardening
10/10
TECHNOLOGY FORCES (Technol. forces): PAF-KIET Journal of Engineering and Sciences
Volume 01, Number 02, July-December 2007
The DC terminals of the inverter are tightly coupled to RF
bypass capacitor whose capacitance is sufficient to pass the AC
component of inverter input without substantially changing its
DC potential. The Ac terminals of the inverter drive the RF load
circuit which is essentially a high Q series resonant circuit formed
by tuning capacitor, C and inductive coil Lf.A radio frequency
transformer matches the load impedance to the VA capability of
the inverter, while coupling capacitor prevents any DC current
from flowing in the primary winding and saturating the core.
In operation, the MOSFET transistors are switched as diagonal
pairs, Q1and Q
2alternating each half cycle with Q
3and Q
4to
provide a square wave voltage output at the AC terminals of the
inverter. The waveform of the output current depends on the
inverter frequency, which is the switching rate of the MOSFET
transistors.
Driving the series resonant load off resonance i.e. at a MOSFET
switching frequency differing from the natural resonant fre-
quency of the C1and L
fresults in a low output current, while
driving it at resonance results in a maximum power to the load
coil. Infact the output current is controlled in a closed loop byvarying the driving frequency [14].
10. REFERENCES
[1] RWE-Essen: Inductive Erwaermung, Physikalische
Grurundlagen und technische anwendungen, 2.Band 1979
Energie-Verlag, GmbH, and Heidelberg.
[2] W.Barth: Die anwendbarkeit und die Grenzen der
induktives Haertung Teil:I Fertigungstechnik 7.Jg, Heft
6,june 1957
[3] Benkowsky Induktives Erwaermung 4.bearbeitete Auflage,
VEB-Verlag Berlin. , 1980
[4] G.W.Seulen: An up-to-date look on induction hardening
equipment.and F.H.Reinke Elektrowaerme International
31 (1973) B4
[5] AEG-Elotherm: Induktives Randsicht heartens von
Stahteilen Merkblatt 236
[6] Kurt Flicke: Hochfrequenz-Induktionshaerteanlage Draht-
Welt Ausgabe 1969.Nr.3, Seite 65-169.
[7] W.E. Mulane: Coil design for HF induction heating Metal
treating Aug-sept.1963.
[8] P.G.Simpson: Induction heating, coil and system design.
McGraw-Hill.
[9] F.W. Curtis High frequency Induction Heating McGraw-
Hill, Newyork
[10] Oliver S. ParkSingle shot hardening by induction heating
[11] George Lendl: Why quenching is important in inductionHeating? Metal progress Dec 1967
[12] S.N.Okele Application of Thyristor inverters in induction
heating and melting. Electronics and power March 1978.
[13] S.R.Pelly: Latest developments in static high frequency
power sources for induction Heating.
[14] Solid -state Generator for induction hardening print from
Conference record industry applications Society IEEE,
IAS, annual meeting, October 4-7, 1982 , San Fransisco.
[15] G.W.Seulen: Entwicklungsstand der Induktionhaerte-
technik fuer Kurbelwelle Klepzig Fachberichte 1/72
[16] J. A. Siddiqui: Leistungselektronische Speisegeraete fuer
die inductive erwaermung Unter besondere Beruecksichti-
gung der verschiedenen technologischen Verfahren unter
der Netzanschluessprobleme. [Unpublished Thesis]
[17] VDIArbeitsblatt Induktives Haerten
81
Professor of electronics at the College
of Engineering PAF-KIET, Korangi
Creek Karachi received his B.Sc. (Hons.)
in 1964, M. Sc (for Hons.) in 1965 from
the University of Sindh, Jamshoro Sindh
and PhD in 1974 from the University of
Southampton, England.
Prior joining the PAF-KIET, Dr. Mughal was professor of
Microelectronics and an associate Dean at the Institute of
Business and Technology, BIZTEK, Main Ibrahim Hydri
Road, Karachi.Before adopting full time teaching profession at PAF-KIET
and BIZTEK, Dr. Mughal was Chief Scientific Officer (BPS-
20), and served as a Head of the Research Division, Applied
Physics, Computers and Instrumentation Technology Re-
search Division, PCSIR Karachi Laboratories Complex,
Karachi-75280.
Dr. Mughal joined PCSIR Karachi Laboratories in June 1966
as Research Assistant and successively rose to the post of
Chief Scientific Officer. The main task was full time scien-
tific and Industrial Research.
During his stay at PCSIR, he was visiting professor part-
time, under the UGC (Higher Education Commission) teach-
ing programme in the Department of Physics, University of
Sindh, Jamshoro (1975-77) and taught of Microelectronics
to M. Sc (Final) students. Dr. Mughal also went to Iraq and
served as a visiting professor in the College of engineering
and the College of Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah,
Iraq and taught Microelectronics and Physics to B.E. stu-
dents (1980-82).
Dr. Mughal assisted in establishing, Institute of Industrial
Electronics Engineering (IIEE-PCSIR) faculty of NED Uni-
versity of Engineering & Technology. He taught Solid-state
Devices Technology/Integrated Circuits & Physics to B. E
students (1989-94). Simultaneously Dr. Mughal was teach-
ing Industrial Electronics and Physics to the Post-diploma
students at PSTC-PCSIR (1989-94).
Dr. Mughal has 36 years R&D experience and 15 years teach-ing experience in Pakistan and abroad. He has also industrial
experience in respect of repair and calibration of electronic
gadgets.
Dr. Mughal has 30 publications of international repute to his
credit. He is member of a number of societies in Pakistan.
Research Concentration and Areas of Subject
Microelectronics, Physics & Technology of Solid-state De-
vices, Instrumentation and Education Delivery Systems in
Science and Engineering Faculty.
Professor Dr. Ghulam Rasool MughalCMILT