Post on 25-Dec-2015
Inclusive social protection: an integral perspective, a
rights-based approach
Simone Cecchini – Rodrigo MartínezSocial Development Division
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
SEMINAR ON INTER-SECTORAL PUBLIC POLICIES: SOCIAL PROTECTION , LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT
Río de Janeiro, 30 November, 2010
The State plays a crucial role in the provision of social protection
The suppliers of welfare and social protection
State
MarketFamilies
Social and community-based
organizationsSource: Own elaboration
I. Social policy and social protectionBrief history of social protection in Latin America
1. Beginning of 2. 1929 Crisis 3. Debt Crisis 4. 21st centurythe 19th century
Development approach
Main features of
social protection
and promotion
Early liberal Importssubstitution
Systemiccompetitiveness
First examples of social security
for the urban formal sector
Assistance as charity
Health and education
policies begin
Scarce State regulation
Source: Own elaboration
Social security for the urban formal
sector
Assistance: food and fuel
consumption subsidies
Centralization and growth of the
health and education sectors
Provider state
Protection based on formal
employment
Social security based on private
pension funds system
Assistance: main focus on
the poor. Social investment
funds
Emphasis on demand,
decentralization, externalization
of social services
Subsidiary-mitigating state
Protection as emergency-
relief
Assistance: breaking the
reproduction of poverty
Subsidiary-promoting state
Protection as social assistance
and access to promotion
Social protection systems and
incremental minimums
Guarantor state
Protection as a citizenship guarantee
Discipline and fiscal
austerity
I. Social protection: an evolving concept
• Based on access to formal employment• Emergency situations (for the poor and
vulnerable)• Social assistance and access to social promotion• Based on social protection guarantees linked to
the concept of citizenship
II. Welfare gaps and social achievementsEMPLOYED PERSONS IN LOW-PRODUCTIVITY SECTORS (INFORMAL
SECTOR) AND EMPLOYED PERSONS WHO LACK OF SOCIAL SECURITY, AROUND 2008(in percentages)
Source: ECLAC, on the basis of special tabulations of data from household surveys conducted in the relevant countries. Note: a/ Urban areas. b/ Simple average.
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
Employed in low-productivity sectors Employed who lack access to social security
II. Social spending varies considerably among countries
PUBLIC SOCIAL SPENDING AND GROSS DEVELOPMENT PRODUCT PER CAPITA, 2006/2007
(in 2000 dollars)
Source: ECLAC
Venezuela, B. R.
Uruguay
Trinidad and Tobago
Dominican Rep. Peru
Panama
Nicaragua
Mexico
Jamaica
Bolivia, P. S.
El Salvador
Ecuador
Cuba
Costa Rica
Colombia
Chile
Brazil
Honduras
Argentina
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
GDP per capita (2007)
Soci
al s
pe
nd
ing
pe
r ca
pit
a (2
00
6-2
00
7)
Guatemala
Paraguay
II. Social protection as a right
• Progress made by the region in terms of the legal and constitutional recognition of social rights
• E.g. The Constitution of Brazil (1988) and Colombia (1991)
• A human rights discourse and a rights-based approach to social policy
• Yet, these achievements did not necessarily translate into a formal expression of social protection guarantees
III. CCT programmes and social protection
• CCT share common features, although it is not possible to speak of a unique model
• There are different referents for CCT (e.g., Brazil, Mexico and Chile). The programmes have been adapted to the reality of each country– Political actors and the local institutional environment are
relevant factors
• Emergence of alternative designs– Strong or soft conditionality, in-kind transfers,
psychosocial support, training, etc.
• Heterogeneous experiences– Different levels of investment and coverage– Diverse approaches and operational features
III. Average spending on CCT is 0.40% of regional GDP
Source: Own elaboration on the basis of ECLAC, Social Development Division, Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes Database
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (18 COUNTRIES): SPENDING IN CO-RESPONSIBILITY CASH TRANSFER (CCT) PROGRAMMES,
AROUND 2010 (Percentages of GDP)
1,17
0,52 0,510,47 0,45
0,40 0,39 0,39 0,36 0,33 0,320,24 0,22 0,20 0,19
0,14 0,110,02
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
Weighted average: 0,40
III. CCT reach 19% of the regional population
Source: Own elaboration on the basis of ECLAC, Social Development Division, Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes Database
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (18 COUNTRIES): COVERAGE OF CO-RESPONSIBILITY CASH TRANSFER (CCT) PROGRAMMES,
AROUND 2009(Percentages of the total population)
44,3
26,425,2 24,6
22,621,2
17,5
11,6 11,3 10,98,7 8,6 8,3 8,2 7,6 6,8
3,3 2,4
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
Weighted average: 19,3
III. Income transfer programmes with soft conditionality
Cash transfer
Works as an income
supplement
Calculated upon a food basket’s value
Conditions
Reinforce and protect human
capital
Loose monitoring and sanctions
Expected results
Poverty and inequality reduction
Income poverty and inequality indicators
1. Main focus is on the cash transfer– Soft sanctions if conditionality is unaccomplished; flat transfers or
adjusted per family size
III. Programmes that foster demand through strong conditionality
Cash transfers
Works as an incentive
Calculation of the cost of opportunity
Conditions
Unleash changes in the
behavior
Strong monitoring and sanctions
Expected results
Human development
Intermediate indicators of health
and education
2. Focus on human development– Strict control of the conditionality; transfers vary according to each
group of the population (reflect different costs of opportunity)
III. Systems or networks of articulated programmes with conditionalities
Cash transfer
Covers the costs of
accessing the network
Residual
Conditions
Negotiated conditionalities
(family commitment)
Psychosocial support
Expected results
Improvement in the targeted dimensions
Multidimensional poverty index
3. Focus is on the connection between the program and the social protection system– Transfer is very low; psychosocial support is introduced to enhance the
families’ access to the public network of social services
IV. Towards an integral social protection system
1. Protection, promotion and sectoral policies
2. Functions of an integral social protection system To guarantee an income (minimum and protect against risks); To identify the unsatisfied demand and guarantee the access to social services; To foster decent work
Policies of social
promotion
Policies of social
promotion
Social protection
system
Social protection
system
2. IDENTIFIES DEMAND AND GUARANTEES
ACCESS
Sectoral policies (health,
education, etc.)
Sectoral policies (health,
education, etc.)
REINFORCES THE CAPACITY OF
REACTION
REINFORCES AND PROMOTES
DEVELOPMENT OF ASSETS
1. PROTECS AND SECURES INCOME
3. FOSTERS DECENT WORK
Source: Own elaboration
IV. Towards an integral social protection system
3. Axes of integration of social protection
Source: Own elaboration
Social protectionSupply
(policies and programmes)
Demand
(families, individuals and communities)V
erti
cal
(ad
min
istr
ativ
e le
vel)
Horizontal
(sectors)
Transversal
(groups of the population)
Lo
ng
itu
din
al
(Lif
e c
ycle
)
IV. Towards an integral social protection system
4. Universal rights adapted to different necessities• Poverty and vulnerability; • Formal and informal labor; • Families, life cycle and demographic change; • Care provision.
5. Components and instruments of social protection
SOCIAL PROTECTION
Labor market regulation
Protection of individual and collective workers’ rights
Contributory(Social security)
•Retirement benefits• Health insurance• Unemployment insurance
Non Contributory(Social assistance)
•Cash or in-kind transfers (e.g. CCT)•Consumption subsidies•Public works
Source: Own elaboration
IV. Towards an integral social protection system
6. Institutional features and social protection: • Institutional coordination:
– Political,
– Technical
– Operational
• Information management: – Monitoring and evaluation
– National statistics
– System of national accounts
– Information systems on public finances
• Control systems and conflict resolution
V. CCT as the entrance gate to social protection
1. Integration through the demand for social protection
2. Integration through the supply of social protection
3. Availability and quality of the supply of social services
4. Matching the demand for protection and the supply of services
5. Support in the process of institutional capacity-building
6. Exit from CCT and social protection• Exit rules• Income generation and access to employment
VI. Consolidating social protection in Latin America: main challenges
1. Rights-based approach: feasibility of its implementation within the region
2. Funding: multiple necessities and scarce resources
3. An heterogeneous population and the enduring gaps in accessing social protection
4. Intersectoral coordination is a must5. Information management6. Role of the CTP