Important Biological Important Biological MoleculesMolecules

Biology 1114

Important Inorganic CompoundsImportant Inorganic Compounds

Water

Acids, Bases, Salts

Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds

• Small• Ionic Bonds• Water• Acids• Bases• Salts

WaterWater• Most Abundant Substance

in Cells

• 98% Body Mass

• Polar Molecule

• Solvent

• Reactant / Decomposition Reactions

• Cohesive Properties

• Expands upon Freezing

• Acts as Acid/Base

• Temperature Buffer

• Thermal Conductance

Water occurs in three states. Ice is less dense than liquid water and therefore ice floats.

Acids, Bases, SaltsAcids, Bases, Salts

• Acids Dissociate into H+1 and anions

HCl H+1 + Cl-1

• Bases dissociate into OH-1 and cations

NaOH OH-1 + Na+1

• Salts dissociate into anions and cations neither of which is H+1 or OH-1

NaCl Na+1 + Cl-1

pH = -log[H+1]

To clean a toilet: Pour a can of Cola into the toilet bowl. Let the "real thing" sit for one hour, then flush clean. The citric acid in Coke removes stains from vitreous china.

To remove rust spots from chrome car bumpers: Rub the bumper with a crumpled-up piece of Reynolds Wrap aluminum foil dipped in Cola.

To clean corrosion from car battery terminals: Pour a can of Cola over the terminals to bubble away the corrosion.

To loosen a rusted bolt: Applying a cloth soaked in Cola to the rusted bolt for several minutes.

pH BufferpH Buffer

• Stabilizes the pH inside a cell

• Can be either an Acid or a Base

This figure shows the major organs that help control the blood concentrations of CO2

and HCO-3, and thus help control the pH of the blood.

Removing CO2 from the blood helps increase the pH.

Removing HCO-3 from the blood helps lower the pH.

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

• Contain Carbon and Hydrogen• Carbon has Four Bonding Sites• Covalently Bonded• Large Molecules

Functional

Groups

Living Cells Synthesize ByLiving Cells Synthesize By

• Functional Group Transfer

• Electron Transfer

• Rearrangement

• Condensation

• Cleavage

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

1. Synthesis of Amino Acids and Fats2. Function as Food Reserves3. Fuel Cell Activities

Monosaccharide

Formation of SucroseDisaccharide

In this molecule, sugar monomers (e.g. glucose; red hexagons) are fastened together with covalent bonds (black lines) to form a larger molecule called a Polysaccharide.

Sample CarbohydratesSample Carbohydrates

1. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

2. CH2O

3. Sugars

4. Starches

5. Cellulose

IsomersIsomers

Glucose C6H12O6

Fructose C6H12O6

Isomers are two or more molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures and properties.

UsesUses

• Short Term Energy Storage• Intermediate Energy Storage• Composing Cellular

Components

LipidsLipids

1. Long Term Energy Storage

2. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

3. Lack 1:2:1 Ratio

4. Nonpolar

Simple LipidsSimple Lipids

Fats and Glycerides Containing an Alcohol Called Glycerol and a Fatty Acid.

Monoglyceride = 1 Molecule Glycerol + 1 Molecule Fatty Acid

Diglyceride? Triglyceride?

Phospholipid

These Molecules Twist so that the Polar End Turns Toward Water and the Nonpolar End Turns Away from Water

Linda Hamilton

Terminator I

Linda Hamilton

Terminator II

Cholesterol

and

Artherioschlerosis

1 is Lumen Opening

2 is Plaque (Fat)

3 is Artery Wall

Saturated has all single bonds between adjacent carbons. These are hard to break.

Unsaturated has double or even triple bonds between some of the adjacent carbon atoms. These are relatively easy to break.

UsesUses

• Building Blocks of Cell Membranes• Information Transfer Through Hormones• Energy Storage Units

ProteinsProteins1. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (Sulfur)2. Accounts for 50% Dry Weight of Living Organisms3. Functions Include

a. Structureb. Transportc. Regulatoryd. Catalysise. Locomotion

Amino Acid with Alpha CarbonAmino Acid with Alpha Carbon

Denaturation occurs when the normal bonding patterns are disturbed causing the shape of the protein to change.  This can be caused by changes in temperature, pH, or salt concentration. For example, acid causes milk to curdle and heat (cooking) causes egg whites to coagulate because the proteins within them denature.

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

1. Energy Currency

2. Information Transfer

3. Built From Smaller Building Blocks Called Nucleotides

Nucleotide is made of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

Nucleotides Nucleotides

• Form Genes

• Genes Determine Hereditary Traits

• Purine or Pyrimidine

Pentose Sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose) Phosphates (1 to 3)

Nucleotides Nucleotides

• Depending on the Number of Phosphates and the Identity of the Base Nucleotides are Abbreviated.

ATP = Adenine Triphosphate

CDP = ?

GMP= ?

Nucleotides Nucleotides

• Purines1. Double Ring Structure2. Adenine and Guanine

• Pyrimidine1. Single Ring Structure2. Thymine, Uracil, and Cytosine

Nucleoside Base Distribution in DNA

Organism

Base Composition (mole %) Base Ratios

Ratio (A+T)/(G+C)

A G T C A/T G/C

Human 30.9 19.9 29.4 19.8 1.05 1.00 1.52

Chicken 28.8 20.5 29.2 21.5 1.02 0.95 1.38

Yeast 31.3 18.7 32.9 17.1 0.95 1.09 1.79

Clostridiumperfringens 36.9 14.0 36.3 12.8 1.01 1.09 2.70

Sarcinalutea

13.4 37.1 12.4 37.1 1.08 1.00 0.35

DifferencesDifferences

• DNA

1. Double Stranded

2. Deoxyribose

3. A-T and G-C

• RNA

1. Single Stranded

2. Ribose

3. A-U and G-C

Types of RNATypes of RNA

• Messenger RNA– Directs the incorporation of amino acids into proteins.

• Ribosomal RNA– Type of RNA molecule that forms ribosomes

• Transfer RNA– Type of RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosomal

site where they are incorporated into proteins.

ReviewReview

Remember we also need minerals and vitamins for good health.