Post on 25-Mar-2018
Photo Credit Goes Here
Alan Hansen and Tim Rendall, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of
Illinois, USA
Soybean Innovation Lab Webinar, September 20, 2017
Implementation and
Evaluation of Appropriate
Scale Technologies for
Sustainable Intensification
Photo credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ethiopia
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Background to Appropriate Scale
Mechanization Consortium (ASMC)
• Engagement with countries and partners
• Technology implementation and
evaluation: factors to consider
• Final comments
Today
795 Million People are Undernourished (FAO, 2015)
Undernourished Population
98% in developing countries (FAO, 2015)
Added PressureWorld population to exceed 9 billion by 2050.Largest sections of growth will be in developing countries where undernourishment is most prevalent.
Role of mechanization in increasing food productionMechanization is perhaps the most neglected aspect of global food security.
• According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, in Africa
– less than 10% farm operations are performed by engine power
– 25% of farm power is provided by draft animals
– Over 70% of farm work is done by manual labor mostly by women, the elderly and children
Role of mechanization in increasing food productionMechanization is critical to ..
• Reduce drudgery of farm work especially performed by women and improve quality of life
• Increase productivity and improve quality and timeliness of farm operation
• Improve intensification and extensification
• Reduce losses
• Increase household income and reduce poverty
• Enhance entrepreneurship and business development
Sustainable Intensification Innovation LabKansas State University
Geospatial & Farming Systems
Research ConsortiumUniversity of California, Davis
Appropriate Scale
Mechanization ConsortiumUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
BangladeshKansas State Univ.
CambodiaPenn State Univ.
EthiopiaTexas A&M Univ.
TanzaniaMichigan State Univ.
Burkina FasoILRI
SenegalKansas State Univ.
SI Indicators
FrameworkColumbia & Michigan State U.
Innovation Lab on
Small Scale IrrigationTexas A&M Univ.
Research Subawards
Duration: Oct 2015-Sept 2019Award: $4.7 million
Appropriate Scale Mechanization Consortium
Alan Hansen (PI)
Agricultural Mechanization
Prasanta Kalita (CC)
Soil & Water
KC Ting
Systems Engineering
Alex Winter-Nelson
Economics & Evaluation
Michigan State Univ.
Ajit Srivastava (CC)
Agricultural Mechanization
Tim Harrigan
Draft Power
Nanda Joshi
Animal Nutrition
Kansas State Univ.
Carlos Campabadal(CC)
Processing & Storage
Ben Schwab
Economics & Evaluation
Manny Reyes (CC)
Agroecological Engineering
North Carolina A&T
Kenrett Jefferson-Moore
Gender Specialist
Paula Faulkner
Gender Specialist
Tim RendallProject Manager
CC-Country Coordinator
SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION
“Sustainable agricultural intensification is defined
as producing more output from the same area of
land while reducing the negative environmental
impacts and at the same time increasing
contributions to natural capital and the flow of environmental services” - Dr. Jules Pretty
APPROPRIATE SCALE MECHANIZATION
CONSORTIUM (ASMC)
Goal: Assess/develop/adapt/implement/promote appropriate-scale agricultural mechanization for sustainable intensification focusing on smallholder farming systems in Feed-the-Future countries associated with targeted geographical regions, and enhance the participation and experience of women in the adaptation/adoption of technologies for agricultural development.
TARGET COUNTRIES: INSTITUTIONS, VALUE CHAINS, AND ZONES OF INFLUENCE
EthiopiaBahir Dar UniversityMaize, Livestock and Vegetables inAmhara and Oromia
Burkina FasoBobo-Dioulasso Polytechnic University, Bobo-DioulassoMaize and Livestock inHauts-Bassins
BangladeshBangladesh Agricultural University, MymensinghRice in the Southern Delta
CambodiaRoyal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh; University of Battambang Rice and Vegetables in Kampong Cham, Kampong Thom and Battambang
Value Chains
Livestock VegetablesRiceMaize
APPROACH• Develop multifunctional and modular technologies and machinery
that are versatile, affordable, scalable, and reduce drudgery of operations performed by women
• Focus on smallholder, on-farm tasks that can benefit from appropriate scale mechanization
• Ensure that all activities build in-country capacity, integrate gender considerations, create measureable outcomes and impacts, provideimportant knowledge to relevant stakeholders, and facilitate creation of business ventures
• Overcome the barriers to adoption of mechanization • Build capacity at in-country institutions through innovation hubs
Strategy Formulation: Overall Objectives
Develop an actionable strategy that identifies high priority Appropriate Scale Mechanization subject areas
Gain insights into country stakeholders’ perspectives on how agricultural mechanization might significantly improve quality of life and livelihood of smallholder farmers in a sustainable way
Explore and build synergy and partnerships among stakeholders and practitioners in systems predominately involving smallholder farmers
Identify and possibly assemble resources for advancing the goals of ASMC in a timely fashion
Key Questions
What are the critical mechanization needs relative
to each value chain?
What are the top challenges for meeting each of
these needs?
What are the specific mechanization
opportunities with the highest potential for
addressing these challenges?
What are the top opportunities relative to impact
and availability of resources?
What tasks should be addressed, who will lead
them and who will be partners?
STRATEGIES FOR ENGAGEMENT
• User-Centric
Engagement
• System’s Approach
• Innovator’s Dilemma
• Incremental vs
Disruptive
Technologies
• Technology evaluation
• Scaling up and out
User-Centric Engagement: Appropriate Scale Mechanization Hubs
Innovation HubsFramework of multi-sector stakeholders including farmers, extension agents, universities (researchers and students), entrepreneurs, governmental agencies, and non-governmental organizations, with common purpose to support sustainable intensification by identifying, developing, and/or adopting appropriate-scale mechanization technologies.
Field HubsFarming community-based facility for engaging with farmers, women and youth and facilitating on-site training and demonstration of equipment and sustainable intensification practices. On-site research projects facilitate equipment development, evaluation and system-level impact measurement.
COUNTRY ENGAGEMENT• Workshops with local
stakeholders
• Presentations from in-country
partners
• Top challenges and top
opportunities for interventions
Bangladesh
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Cambodia
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
COUNTRY ENGAGEMENT (CONT.)• Field visits
• Selection of suitable sites for visiting in specific regions of
country by local partners
• Investigation of sites for Field Hub
• Engagement with local smallholder farmers
• Identification/confirmation of challenges and opportunities
BattambangDon Bosco Agro-Technology SchoolHARVEST CambodiaConservation Agriculture MachineryConservation Agriculture on UplandsConservation Agriculture on Lowland RiceUniversity of Battambang
Siem ReapCommercial Vegetable
Home Garden
Phnom PenhRoyal University of AgricultureASMC WorkshopMr. Larano’s Manufacturing PlantRussey Keo Manufacturing Plant
CAMBODIA
BANGLADESHMymensinghBangladesh Agricultural UniversityASMC Workshop
GazipurBangladesh Agricultural Research InstituteBangladesh Rice Research Institute
DhakaUSAID Mission, US EmbassyBangladesh Institute of Developmental Studies International Food Policy and Research InstituteACI Motors LTD
Khulna and Polder 30Department of Agricultural ExtensionSIIL Project Site
BURKINA FASO
OuagadougouUSAID at US Embassy
Bobo-DioulassoPolytechnic University of Bobo-DioulassoASMC Workshop
KoumbiaVisit Mr. Ly’s farm
ETHIOPIA
Addis AbabaUSAID MissionCIMMYT/ILRI Campus
Bahir DarBahir Dar UniversityASMC WorkshopField site visit next to Lake Tana
Sebadar Kebele, Dangishita and Merawi KogaField site visits
IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEMS APPROACH
A Holistic Approach emphasizing the performance as a whole
based on the understanding of all components in the system
and the interrelationships among the components [i.e. making
things work better, as well as making things work together].
“In the face of complexity, many research efforts address a
component of the problem rather than attempting to deal with
all of its dimensions.” (Van Ginkel et al., 2013)
Assessment of current practices with an integrated
systems perspective
Eco-system of innovation
Why:
Individually functioning
components do not
necessarily make up a
workable system;
Piece-wise knowledge
about individual
components does not
automatically provide a
complete understanding of
the overall system;
Necessary yet missing
components can be
detected after
observing/analyzing the
system as a whole.
INCREMENTAL VS DISRUPTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES (Kalbach, 2012)
1
2
2
5
“Mechanization is a game changer”, Martin Richenhagen, CEO of AGCO.
EXAMPLE OF INCREMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
Evaluation of Appropriate Scale Technologies
Evaluation of Appropriate Scale
Hand Tools
Human factors &
ergonomicsSafety
Tool Effectiveness
Impact on Sustainable
Intensification
Economic Factors
Evaluation Framework Example: Hand Tools
Evaluation of Appropriate Scale
Hand Tools
Human factors &
ergonomics
Ease of Use
Gender ergonomics
Training requirement
Hand tool dimensions
Handle diameter &
length
Posture
Degree of bending
Safety
Potential for causing
discomfort & injuries
Type of discomfort or injury to what part of body
Evaluation of Appropriate Scale
Technologies
Evaluation of Appropriate Scale
Hand Tools
Tool Effectiveness
Availability/ Uptime
Reliability/ Frequency of breakdowns
Serviceability
Maintenance RepairabilityAvailability
of spare parts
Performance/ Capability
Productivity
Work rateEnergy/
power input
Quality of work
Evaluation of Appropriate Scale Technologies
Evaluation of Appropriate Scale Hand Tools
Economic Factors
Fixed & operating
costs
Tool life/
replacement
Manufact-urability
Scaling up & out
Financing/ franchise
Return on investment
Household impacts
Evaluation of Appropriate Scale
Hand Tools
Impact on Sustainable
Intensification
Environmental
Soil healthWater
availability/ use
efficiency
Climate change/
CO2 emissions
Socio-economic
Time commitment
Labor requirement
Scaling Up and Out• Targeting sustainable business
models around equipment
• Local custom hire services
• Farmer cooperatives or associations
Productivity
Environment
EconomicsHuman
Condition
Social
Burkina Faso: Improved Animal Handling and Yoke Design
Cambodia: Motorbike-Mounted Broadcaster for Mulch-based Cropping Systems
Bangladesh: Custom Hire Services
Ethiopia & Cambodia: Commercial Vegetable Home Gardens
Self-Help Groups (Farmer Collectives) Increased food security,
nutrition and capacity to
learn
INDICATOR
FRAMEWORK
BURKINA FASO CASE STUDY
Crop and livestock systems approach to sustain profitability and boost ecosystem resilience by alleviating labor bottlenecks
Farming SystemThe level of on-farm mechanization is low in Burkina Faso.
Mechanization OpportunitiesThe highest priorities for mechanization innovation reported by our stakeholders were for 1) land preparation, 2) planting, 3) weed control, 4) water use and conservation
0
20
40
60
80 ManualpowerDraftAnimalsTractors
BURKINA FASO CASE STUDY
Animal Productivity and Comfortlow-stress training of oxenImproved ox yoke
Land Preparationconservation, zone-tillage ripper
Sowingredesign and improve locally available, ox-drawn planters with a low-cost seed plate drive mechanism
Weed controlDesigned cultivators for weed control
Established a five-acre demonstration site comparing conservation tillage and mechanical planting with conventional plowing and hand-planting.
“Here in Africa, and especially in Burkina Faso, nothing has benefited us more than agriculture, so we live mainly from agriculture” – Quote from ASMC team leader in Burkina Faso
BURKINA FASO
Row crop cultivators
Ox-drawn row crop planter Refined ox yoke
Conservation ripper
ETHIOPIA
Maize Sheller
Solar-powered pump (Majipump) Ox driven planter (similar to BF)
Forage chopper
Photo Credit: Tillers International-Uganda
BANGLADESH
Axial flow pumps
Rice Transplanter Rice Reaper
Mini-Combine Harvester
Photo Credit: Cocoro Limited
CAMBODIA
2-wheel tractor pulled crimper
Motorbike broadcaster
4-wheel tractor Pulled Seeder
2-Wheel Tractor Pulled Seeder
Photo Credit: CASC
FINAL COMMENTS
• Strategies for engagement with target countries is vital for long
term sustainability of mechanization interventions
• Integrative systems approach accounting for local participation
and input is critical to the long term success of the project
• “Systems make it possible, but people make it happen” –
Christensen
• “Farming Needs to be a business” – Akinwumi Ayodeji Adesina
2017 World Food Prize Laureate
• Need to be able to rely on a team with broad experience to
address challenges beyond basic technology
CONTACT INFORMATION
Alan Hansen
Professor and Interim Head
Director, Appropriate Scale Mechanization Consortium
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Email: achansen@Illinois.edu
Tim Rendall
Project Manager, Appropriate Scale Mechanization
Consortium
Email: rendall1@Illinois.edu
www.feedthefuture.gov
Thank You
REFERENCES
Kalbach, J., 2012. Clarifying innovation: four zones of innovation.
https://experiencinginformation.wordpress.com/2012/06/03/clarifying-
innovation-four-zones-of-innovation/, accessed 7/18/2016.
Van Ginkel et al., 2013. An integrated agro-ecosystem and livelihood systems
approach for the poor and vulnerable in dry areas. Food Security 5:751–767.
Sustainable Intensification Innovation LaboratoryKansas State University
Appropriate Scale Mechanization Consortium
University of Illinois (PI)
Michigan State University
Kansas State University
North Carolina A&T State University