Post on 10-Jan-2016
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IMPERIALISM
Vocabulary ID’s
Berlin Conference
Boer War
Boxer Rebellion
Imperialism
Mahan
Meiji’s Reforms
Opium War
Zulus
Panama Canal
Perry
Rape of Nanjing
Roosevelt Corollary
Russo-Japanese War
Spanish-American War
Unequal treaties
Western Advantages
Imperialism
Do Now: Describe Imperialism and identify at least one example?
Imperialism is a term associated with the expansion of the
European powers, and later the US and Japan, and their
conquest and colonization of African and Asian societies,
mainly from the 16th through the 19th Centuries
Effected not just through the force of arms, but also
through trade, investment, and business activities that
enabled the imperial powers to profit from subject
societies and influence their affairs without going to the
trouble of exercising direct political control
Imperialism
Why Imperialize???
Survival - Many Europeans came to believe that imperial
expansion and colonial domination were crucial for the
survival of their states and societies
Western Advantage - Superior transportation (steamships
and canals), military (rifles, cannons, military superiority),
and communications (undersea telegraph) technologies
gave the West a huge advantage…Keep in mind, the IR was
underway in GB
The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the
Second Battle of Chuenpee, 7 January 1841
The Opium War: China
In the late 18th and early 19th Centuries, Europeans wanted
to trade with the Chinese much more than the Chinese
wanted to trade with the Europeans…Chinese believed they
already had everything they needed…a feeling of superiority
Since the Chinese had little demand for European products,
the European merchants had to trade with silver bullion
The Opium War: China
Illustration from an early 19th century book showing an
opium addict
Just Say No!!!
As an alternative to trading
silver, Europeans gradually
began to trade in opium
instead
The trade was illegal and
created both an economic
and a social problem in
China…Opium coming and
silver going out!
The Opium War: China
The British shell Guangzhou
In 1839, the Chinese
took serious measures
to halt the opium trade.
The Canton Trade Laws
The British protested
and launched the
Opium War (1839-
1842)
The Opium War: ChinaThe Canton System of Trade Regulating foreign trade with China
In existence for nearly 150 years from the late 17th
century until war with England brought it abruptly to a halt in
1842.
Restrictive by design, keeping foreigners confined to a
small commercial district in Canton known as the Factories
Prohibiting direct contact between foreigners and the
Chinese
Why Canton??? Chinese officials were wary of European
traders and sought to limit their activities.
The Opium War: China
The war illustrated the military
differential between China and
Europe
The British used steam-powered
gunboats to attack the Grand
Canal, and China sued for peace
China suffered other military
setbacks with Britain and France
(1856-1858), France (1884-1885),
and Japan (1894-1895)
Cartoon showing China being divided by the
United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, France,
and Japan
Unequal Treaties: China
“To the victor goes the spoils”
As a result of these defeats, China was subjected to what
were collectively known as the “unequal treaties”
China was forced to
Cede Hong Kong to Britain
Open ports to commerce and residence
Permit the establishment of Christian missions
Legalize the opium trade
Not levy tariffs on imports
Unequal Treaties By 1900, ninety Chinese
ports were under the
effective control of foreign
powers, foreign merchants
controlled much of the
Chinese economy, Christian
missionaries were converting
Chinese throughout the
country, and foreign
gunboats patrolled Chinese
waters
The Treaty of Nanjing (1842) ceded Hong
Kong to the British in perpetuity
Imperialism Against Japan: Foreign Pressure
The Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan was able to
control foreign interaction until the early 19th
Century
However, beginning in 1844, British, French, and
U.S. ships visited Japan to establish relations
The U.S. in particular wanted ports where its Pacific
whaling and merchant fleets could stop for fuel and
provisions
Imperialism Against Japan: Foreign Pressure
The artificial island Dejima in Nagasaki
Bay where the Dutch were
allowed to trade
Japan refused all requests for
expanded relations and stuck
to their policy of limiting
European and American
visitors to a small number of
Dutch at Nagasaki
In the late 1840s the Japanese
began making military
preparations in case of attack
Imperialism Against Japan: Commodore Perry
Commodore Matthew Perry
Oh Really!!!
In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry
led a U.S. naval squadron into Tokyo
Bay and demanded that the shogun
open Japan to diplomatic and
commercial relations and sign a
treaty of friendship
The shogun had no good alternative
and acquiesced to Perry’s demands
Imperialism Against Japan: The Opening of Japan
Representatives of Britain, the Netherlands, and
Russia soon won similar rights
Like the Chinese, the Japanese were subjected to a
series of unequal treaties which opened Japanese
ports to foreign commerce, deprived the
government of control over tariffs, and granted
foreigners extraterritorial rights
Japan’s Response: End of Tokugawa Rule
The re-birth of Japan - the sudden
intrusion of foreign powers in Japan
resulted in the collapse of the Tokugawa
and the restoration of imperial rule
The dissident slogan was “Revere the
emperor, expel the barbarians.”
On Jan 3, 1868, the boy emperor
Mutsuhito took power: He later became
known as Meiji (“Enlightened Rule”)
Japan’s Response: Meiji Reforms
Japan Comes Alive
The Meiji government strived to gain parity with foreign powers
behind the motto “rich country, strong army”
It looked to the industrial lands of the United States and Europe
to obtain knowledge and expertise to strengthen Japan and win
revisions of the unequal treaties
The Meiji sent many students and officials abroad to learn
everything from technology to construction and hired foreign
experts to facilitate economic development and indigenous
expertise
Japan’s Response: Meiji Reforms
The Meiji transformed Japan by:
abolishing the feudal order and therefore centralizing
political power,
revamping the tax system to put the regime on a firm
financial footing
creating a constitution which gave the emperor effective
power and the parliament the ability to advise but not
control him
creating a modern transportation, communications, and
educational infrastructure
Japan’s Response: Sino-Japanese War
From 1894-1895 Japan defeated China in a war over Korea
which showed how modern and powerful Japan had become
and how weakened China had become
The Japanese navy quickly gained control of the Yellow Sea
and then the Japanese army pushed Chinese forces off the
Korean Peninsula
In the peace treaty, China recognized Korean independence
which made Korea a virtual dependency of Japan
The Japanese victory alarmed European powers, especially
Russia, who shared interests with Japan in Korea and Manchuria
Japan’s Response: Parity with the West
In 1899 Japan was able to end
extraterritoriality – exempt from
local law
In 1902 Japan negotiated an
alliance with Britain as an equal
power
By the early 20th Century, Japan
had joined the ranks of the world’s
major industrial powers
Toyoda Type-G Automatic
Loom invented in 1924
China’s Response: Boxer Rebellion
Eventually an anti-foreign society called the
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
(called the “Boxers” by the foreign press)
emerged
to protest the increasing Western presence in
China
In 1899 the Boxers organized to rid
China of “foreign devils”
They went on a rampage killing foreigners,
Chinese Christians, and Chinese who had
ties to foreigners
China’s Response: Boxer Rebellion
Calvin P. Titus won the Medal of Honor leading the
American attack over the Chinese City Wall
In 1900, the Chinese
attacked the foreign
embassies in Beijing
A heavily armed force of
British, French, Russian,
US, German, and
Japanese troops crushed
the rebellion
The Rise of Japanese Imperialism: Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
When Russia refused to withdraw its troops from Manchuria after
the Boxer Rebellion, Japan attacked and defeated the Russian Far
Eastern Fleet anchored at Port Arthur
It was the first time in modern history an Asian military force had
soundly whipped the army and navy of a major non-Asian imperial
power
With the victory, Japan gained recognition as a major imperial
power
The Rise of Japanese Imperialism: World War I
On August 23, 1914, Japan entered World War I on
the side of the Allies
It captured several German-occupied locations in
China and the Pacific
Building on this momentum, Japan presented the
Chinese government with a secret list of Twenty-One
Demands which would have reduced China to a
protectorate of Japan
The Rise of Japanese Imperialism: World War I
The Chinese leaked the note to the British who spoke up
for the Chinese and prevented complete capitulation, but
still China acquiesced to many of the demands
The Twenty-One Demands reflected Japan’s determination
to dominate east Asia and served as a basis for future
Japanese pressure on China…Pan-Asianism
The Rise of Japanese Imperialism: Manchuria
The increasing Japanese power and
its continued hostility toward China
came to a head in the 1930s when
for the most part civilians lost
control of the government and the
military in Japan…The Mukden
Incident
In the 1937 Japan invaded
Manchuria and waged a brutal war
against civilians and a repressive
occupation
The Rise of Japanese Imperialism: Manchuria The Japanese brutality was
epitomized by the “Rape of Nanjing”
Over a two month period, Japanese
soldiers inflamed by war passion and
a sense of racial superiority raped
7,000 women, murdered hundreds of
thousands of unarmed soldiers and
civilians, and burned 1/3 of the
homes in Nanjing
Chinese man being beheaded
A Chinese baby cries amid the rubble of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai
The Rape of Nanjing: The Forgotten Holocaust of WWII
The Rise of Japanese Imperialism: World War II
Before Pearl Harbor – 1937, USS
Panay
Japan continued to see the U.S.
and others as a threat to its
influence in Asia and in 1940 the
Japanese began developing plans
to destroy the US Navy in Hawaii
On Dec 7, 1941, the Japanese
attacked Pearl Harbor
In May 1940, the main part of the
US fleet was transferred to
Pearl Harbor from the west coast
Imperialism in Africa: Sudan
Muhammad Ahmad Abdullah
declared himself the Mahdi
(rightly guided one) and
unified Sudanese tribes under
the banner of Islam to attack
Ottoman, Egyptian, and British
invaders
Abdullah was both a religious and a
Sudanese nationalist leader
Imperialism in Africa: Sudan
After a protracted siege, Abdullah took the Sudanese
capital of Khartoum and beheaded the British General
George Gordon
Gordon became a martyr for the British imperial
cause and the British government vowed to avenge
his death
In 1898 General Kitchener invaded the Sudan and
eradicated the Mahdist movement
The vast Sudanese territories were incorporated into
the British Empire
Imperialism in Africa: Sudan
Painting of Gordon facing his death
Imperialism in Africa: Zulus
In South Africa, the Zulu King Shaka subdued other
tribes in the early 19th Century and built a kingdom as
large as all of western Europe
Shaka had the military power to deal with Western
envoys as equals and was interested in establishing
mutually beneficial ties with the West
Imperialism in Africa: Zulus
Shaka was not a benevolent
ruler and his reign was called
Mfecane or “the time of
troubles”
Assassinated by rivals there
was no peaceable system of
succession
The Zulu kingdom was torn
apart by internal disputes
which weakened its ability to
resist Dutch and British
expansion into South Africa
British soldiers show a Maxim gun to an
elderly Zulu chief in 1901
Imperialism in Africa: South Africa
The Dutch East India Company had established a
supply station at Cape Town in 1652 and settlers began
expanding outward to take up ranching and farming
These settlers were called “Boers” (the Dutch word for
farmer) or “Afrikaners” (the Dutch word for African)
During the Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815), the British
took over the Cape and established British rule in 1806
Imperialism in Africa: South Africa
British rule disrupted Boer society because it brought in
English law and language
Britain abolished slavery in 1833, Boer financial viability
and lifestyles were further threatened
The Boer began migrating eastward where they
established several independent colonies such as the
Orange Free State (1854) and the South African
Republic or Transvaal territories (1860)
Imperialism in Africa: South Africa
Boer guerrillas during the Second
Boer War
The lenient British attitude toward
this changed when diamonds were
discovered on Boer-populated
territories in 1867 and gold in 1886
Two “Boer Wars” were fought from
1880-1881 and 1899-1902 with the
British winning and putting an end
to the Boer independent republics
By 1910, Britain had consolidated
the provinces into the Union of
South Africa
Imperialism in Africa: Berlin Conference
Tensions among the European powers seeking African
colonies led to the Berlin West Africa Conference
(1884-1885), during which delegates from 14
European states and the US (no Africans were
present) devised the rules for the colonization of
Africa
The conference produced an agreement that any
European state could establish African colonies after
notifying the others of its intentions and occupying
previously unclaimed territory
Imperialism in Latin America: U.S.
In 1823 President James Monroe issued the Monroe
Doctrine that warned European states against imperialist
designs in the western hemisphere
Any European attempt to reassert control over former
colonies or to establish new ones would be considered as
a threat against the U.S. and an act of provocation
The Monroe Doctrine served as a justification for U.S.
intervention in hemispheric affairs
US: Spanish-American War
The U.S. had large business interests
in Puerto Rico and Cuba, the
last remnants of Spain’s American
empire
In 1898 the U.S. battleship Maine exploded
and sank in Havana harbor
U.S. leaders suspected sabotage and
declared war on Spain
US: Spanish-American War
Commodore Dewey destroyed the
Spanish fleet in a single day at the Battle of Manila.
The U.S. easily defeated Spain and
took possession of Puerto Rico and
Cuba
In the Pacific, the U.S. took
possession of the Philippines and
Guam
After the Spanish-American War
the U.S. emerged as a major
imperial and colonial power
US: Naval Growth
Protected by two oceans, the U.S. at the turn of the 20th
Century needed only a small army
However, to protect its expanding overseas interests it built
the world’s third largest navy
Men like Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that the navy
represented the key to American power and championed
imperialism
US: Imperialism in the Western Hemisphere
Dating back to the Monroe Doctrine, the US had a keen
interest in dominating the Western Hemisphere
Monroe Doctrine had three policy goals:
Prevent European domination over the Caribbean
Obtain land for a canal across Central America
Dominate trade with Latin America and Canada
U.S. success in obtaining these goals was based on no
nation in the Americas being strong enough to oppose the US
and European nations being preoccupied with their own
imperialistic ventures in Africa and Asia
US: Imperialism in Panama
In 1903 the U.S. supported a
rebellion against Colombia and
helped rebels establish a
breakaway state of Panama
In exchange for the support, the
U.S. won the right to build a
canal across Panama and
control the adjacent territory
known as the Panama Canal
Zone
U.S.: Imperialism in Panama
Gatun locks under construction in 1910
Between 1904 and
1914, the U.S. built
the Panama Canal
which links the
Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans without having
to transit Cape Horn
US: Imperialism Elsewhere in Latin America
In addition to military ventures, the U.S. practiced “Dollar
Diplomacy” in Latin America whereby Latin American
governments were pressured to support US business interests
By 1913 the U.S. had displaced Great Britain as the leading
exporter to Latin America
US: Imperialism Elsewhere in Latin America
To protect their investments, U.S. businessmen
encouraged compliant, pro-American governments in Latin
America
When order was threatened, the U.S. did not hesitate to
intervene
Between 1903 and 1934 the U.S. sent armed forces one
or more times to six nations in the Caribbean, occupying
three of them for more than a decade
Roosevelt Corollary
In 1904 the government of the Dominican Republic
went bankrupt
President Theodore Roosevelt feared that Germany and
other nations might intervene forcibly to collect their
debts
Roosevelt asserted that “in the Western Hemisphere
the adherence of the United States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or
impotence, to the exercise of an international police
power....”
Roosevelt Corollary
Cartoon portraying Roosevelt as an
international policeman wielding his “big stick”