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Laboratory of ecosystem management
Impact and effects of ICT systems: approaches and results
Budapest, 2003
Yves Loerincik, Sangwon Suh, Christophe Matas, Olivier Jolliet, Jean-Marc Revaz
Laboratory of ecosystem management
ICT systems
ICT systems: Internet, computer networks, monitoring systems etc….
- Complexity of the equipment - Influence of services- Impact or benefits of the system and indirect effects- Hidden impacts
Approaches:Process, Input-Output and hybrid LCA
Laboratory of ecosystem management
Challenges
- To point out where are the main impacts in order to be as efficient as possible in reducing them;
- To understand the impacts and the benefits linked to the use of ICT systems and the indirect effects;
Reducing the impacts and promoting the benefits
Laboratory of ecosystem management
The case study of the Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology (EPFL)
Internet infrastructure
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Equipment Numberserver 68
switches 90router 22PC 6745
notebook 355printer 400cable 121225 meter
Step 1: Inventory of the necessary equipment for the Internet infrastructure at the EPFL
The functional unit = Internet infrastructure during one year
Laboratory of ecosystem management
Corresponding annual costs
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
An
nu
al
co
st
[M$
]
5
Use
Production
Laboratory of ecosystem management
Non-renewable embodied primary energy, comparison between use and production phase
(absolute value)
0.00E+00
1.00E+06
2.00E+06
3.00E+06
4.00E+06
5.00E+06
6.00E+06
7.00E+06
8.00E+06
En
erg
y [M
J]
use
production
Laboratory of ecosystem management
0.00E+00
1.00E+07
2.00E+07
3.00E+07
4.00E+07
5.00E+07
6.00E+07
7.00E+07
8.00E+07
IO LCA Process LCA
En
erg
y [M
J]
papercableprinternotebookscreenrouterswitchcpuserver
Comparison between Input-Output and process LCA
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Remarks
1. PCs are dominating (control unit (cpu) + screen)
2. Contribution of the switches and servers are significant
3. Use phase is in most of the cases dominating
4. The embodied energy during production is significant
5. IO LCA value is two times the PLCA result
Laboratory of ecosystem management
Comparison of various case study for the non-renewable primary embodied energy of computers
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
MCC (PLCA) Miyamoto (PLCA) Atlantic Consulting(PLCA)
TU Munich (PLCA) IO LCA (LCANetbase)
En
erg
y [M
J]
Laboratory of ecosystem management Different levels of comprehensiveness
% to total upstream embodied
energy cumulative %Air transportation 12% 12%Electric services (utilities) 12% 24%Computer peripheral equipment 10% 34%Wholesale trade 10% 43%Semiconductors and related devices 9% 53%Petroleum refining 6% 59%Other electronic components 5% 64%Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 4% 68%Relays and industrial controls 3% 71%Gas production and distribution (utilities) 3% 74%Automotive rental and leasing, without drivers 2% 76%Hotels and lodging places 2% 78%Telephone and telegraph apparatus 2% 80%Aluminum rolling and drawing 2% 81%Motors and generators 1% 83%Blast furnaces and steel mills 1% 84%Sheet metal work 1% 85%Electron tubes 1% 85%Nonferrous wiredrawing and insulating 1% 86%Fabricated metal products, n.e.c. 1% 87%Legal services 1% 87%Paperboard containers and boxes 1% 88%Motor freight transportation and warehousing 1% 89%Power, distribution, and specialty transformers 1% 89%Gaskets, packing, and sealing devices 1% 90%Metal stampings, n.e.c. 1% 91%Real estate agents, managers, operators, and lessors 1% 91%Banking 1% 92%Eating and drinking places 1% 92%Management and consulting services, testing and research labs 1% 93%
Yellow = not normally considered in a PLCA
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Remark
We only took into account the necessary physical equipment of the Internet infrastructure. But, if we
have a closer look (see next slide), the main expenses related to a computer network come from
other sectors than equipment (for example software, maintenance, management, etc…).
Laboratory of ecosystem management
Total Cost of IT Ownership, Forrester Consultants, 1997
Hardware26%
Training14%
Software14%
Management46%
Management Costs:
Administration 34%
End user downtime 35%
Co-worker time 14%
Application developm’t 14%
Disaster prevention 5%
Disaster recovery 12%
If the boundaries are extended
Laboratory of ecosystem management
Annual Costs, EPFL Internet
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
cpu
scre
en
note
book
serv
er
switc
h
rout
er
erca
ble
telec
om
softw
are
traini
ng mgt
Ann
ual C
ost
s [M
$]
Use
Production
Laboratory of ecosystem management
0.00E+00
2.00E+07
4.00E+07
6.00E+07
8.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.20E+08
1.40E+08
1.60E+08
IO LCA with TCO IO LCA
En
erg
y [M
J]
mgt
training
software
telecom
cable
printer
notebook
screen
router
switch
cpu
server
Considering the other expenses and using an IO LCA
TCO = Total Cost of Ownership
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New approach
1. Start with the EPFL expenses
2. Allocation to Internet (time, value, space, …)
3. Input-Output LCA first screening
4. Hybrid analysis more precisions
Laboratory of ecosystem management
EPFL expenses allocated to the Internet infrastructure
0.00E+00
2.00E+05
4.00E+05
6.00E+05
8.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.20E+06
1.40E+06
1.60E+06
1.80E+06
2.00E+06
Buildin
gs m
ater
ials
Elect
ric in
stall
ation
mat
erial
s
elect
ric in
stall
ation
con
tract
secu
rity
equip
ment in
stall
ation
con
tract
buldi
ngs
cont
ract
elect
ric in
stall
ation
main
tena
nce
secu
rity
equip
ment m
ainte
nanc
e
build
ing m
ainte
nanc
e
elect
ricity
pape
r
Infor
matic
supp
lies
(con
sommab
les)
hard
war
e main
tena
nce
hard
war
e re
para
tion
infor
matics
pre
stat
ions
Infor
matic
netw
ork f
ees
(Sw
itch)
pers
onal
compu
ters
perip
hera
l equ
ipmen
t
salar
y
Co
st [
$/ye
ar]
buildingselectricity
IT-services
hardware
labor maintenance
Laboratory of ecosystem management
First screening results (IO LCA) for the CO2 emission for one year
0.00E+00
5.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.50E+06
2.00E+06
2.50E+06
3.00E+06
3.50E+06
4.00E+06
CO
2 e
mis
sio
n [
kg/y
ea
r]
Hardware
Services (maintenance, …)
Electricity
Others
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The monitoring system of the city of
Martigny
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The problematic
- Cities are confronted with urging problems related to evolutions and recent events.
- The major part of the World’s population is living in the cities.
- For urban network managers the challenge is to run a good working infrastructure with respect to the citizen needs.
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The approach
Urbistic = Urban management + Systemic
The city is composed by networks, that are systems, time and space dependent : water, gas, sewage, electricity, district heating or cooling, cabled TV, telecommunication (voice, data, image), transportation and so on.
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Monitoring the flows
Measuring:
the flows within the city;
Understanding:
the interactions and the dynamic behaviour of the whole urban system ;
Reacting:
Actions aiming at improving these phenomena and coordinations can be defined only if the first two steps have been taken.
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Description of the system
Martigny, Switzerland, 15'000 inhabitants.
Using microcomputers and the cabled TV network, the MAN (metropolitan area network) produces every hour a
total of more than 300 measures of consumption
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Measuring station
Measurements:
- Water;- Electricity;- Gas;- District heating;
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Benefits
Examples of actions:- Analysis of the gas and district heating consuming
facilities: a systematic over sizing of the equipment was detected in 90% of the studied cases;
- Electricity consumption of the heating plant: the global electrical consumption has decreased in a significant way;
- Inadequate watering detection, the urban utilities has defered the investments for a new reservoir and save more than 300’000 m3 a year;
- dynamic tariffing;
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Comparison: Infrastructure versus benefits
-
50'000.00
100'000.00
150'000.00
200'000.00
250'000.00
300'000.00
350'000.00
400'000.00
450'000.00
500'000.00
Infrastructure Benefits
Co
st
[$/y
ea
r]
Water
Distance heating
Reservoir
Heating facility
Working place
Cable network
Electricity
Software
Cable
Captors
Modems
PC cards
PC
Research projects
Laboratory of ecosystem management
Comparison: Infrastructure versus benefits
0.00E+00
1.00E+05
2.00E+05
3.00E+05
4.00E+05
5.00E+05
6.00E+05
7.00E+05
Infrastructure Benefits
CO
2 e
mis
sio
n [
kg
/ye
ar]
Water
Distance heating
Reservoir
Heating facility
Working place
Cable network
Electricity
Software
Cable
Captors
Modems
PC cards
PC
Research projects
Laboratory of ecosystem management
- Input-Output approach enables a rapid screening- Process and hybrid approach can be used to go more in details, take into account particularities (for instance regional characteristics)- Impact of services can be evaluated- Impact of indirect effects can be evaluated (provided that we know what they are)
Conclusion
Laboratory of ecosystem management
- To carry on with the hybrid analysis to have more precise results;- To better evaluate the impact of service;- Work together with social scientists to better evaluate the indirect effects and their corresponding environmental effect;- Forecast the environmental effect of future technologies
Future work
Laboratory of ecosystem management
- 11th SETAC LCA Case Studies Symposium
-2003 European Meeting of the International Society for Industrial
Ecology -21st Swiss LCA Discussion Forum
« Environmental Assessment in the Information Society »
3rd – 4th december 2003, Lausannehttp://www.setaceu.org, yves.loerincik@epfl.ch