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Chapter ElevenLiving with Cancer

and Chronic Conditions

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Status of Cancer TodayStatus of Cancer Today

Annually, over 1.2 million people Annually, over 1.2 million people developed cancer [U.S. 2002]developed cancer [U.S. 2002]

Contributing factors could be:Contributing factors could be:• agingaging• tobacco usetobacco use• high fat foodshigh fat foods• pollutionpollution• no health insuranceno health insurance• lack of educationlack of education

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The 2005 Estimates of New Cases The 2005 Estimates of New Cases of Cancer and Deathsof Cancer and Deaths

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Cell RegulationCell Regulation Cells perform important daily Cells perform important daily

functionsfunctions Regulatory genesRegulatory genes – responsible for – responsible for

monitoring cell replication, monitoring cell replication, specialization, DNA repair, and specialization, DNA repair, and suppressionsuppression

OncogenesOncogenes – faulty regulatory genes – faulty regulatory genes that fail to function properlythat fail to function properly

Proto-oncogenesProto-oncogenes –normal regulatory –normal regulatory genes that may become oncogenesgenes that may become oncogenes

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Oncogene FormationOncogene Formation

All cells have proto-oncogenesAll cells have proto-oncogenes 3 mechanisms that contribute to 3 mechanisms that contribute to

oncogene formation:oncogene formation:1.1. genetic mutationsgenetic mutations

2.2. viral infectionsviral infections

3.3. presence of carcinogens, presence of carcinogens, environmental agents environmental agents

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Characteristics of a Cancerous Characteristics of a Cancerous CellCell

Infinite life expectancy (telomerase Infinite life expectancy (telomerase enzyme)enzyme)

Absence of contact inhibitionAbsence of contact inhibition Absence of cellular cohesiveness Absence of cellular cohesiveness

(metastasis)(metastasis) Ability to control extra blood supply Ability to control extra blood supply

(angiogenesis potential)(angiogenesis potential)

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Types of CancersTypes of Cancers

• CarcinomaCarcinoma• SarcomaSarcoma• LymphomaLymphoma• LeukemiaLeukemia

• MelanomaMelanoma• NeuroblastomaNeuroblastoma• AdenocarcinomaAdenocarcinoma• HepatomaHepatoma

Benign vs. malignant growths Benign vs. malignant growths are not always safeare not always safe

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How Cancer SpreadsHow Cancer Spreads

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Common Cancer SitesCommon Cancer Sitesof the Bodyof the Body

LungLung BreastBreast UterusUterus VaginaVagina OvaryOvary LymphLymph

CervixCervix ProstateProstate TesticleTesticle Colon/rectumColon/rectum PancreasPancreas SkinSkin

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Self-Check (Breast)Self-Check (Breast)

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Self-Check (Testicles)Self-Check (Testicles)

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ABCDE’s of Skin CancerABCDE’s of Skin Cancer

AAsymmetry

BBorder

CColor

DDiameter

EElevation

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7 Warning Signs of Cancer7 Warning Signs of CancerCChange in bowel/bladder habits

AA sore that won’t heal

UUnusual bleeding

TThickening or lump

IIndigestion

OObvious change in wart/mole

NNagging cough

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Treatment for CancerTreatment for Cancer

SurgerySurgery RadiationRadiation ChemotherapyChemotherapy ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy Alternative cancer therapiesAlternative cancer therapies

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Risk ReductionRisk Reduction

Know family historyKnow family history Avoid tobaccoAvoid tobacco Eat properlyEat properly Monitor environmental and Monitor environmental and

occupational exposure to occupational exposure to carcinogenscarcinogens

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Risk Reduction (cont’d)Risk Reduction (cont’d)

Control body weightControl body weight Exercise regularlyExercise regularly Limit UV raysLimit UV rays Consume alcohol moderatelyConsume alcohol moderately

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Other ChronicOther ChronicHealth ConditionsHealth Conditions

Systemic lupus Systemic lupus erythematosuserythematosus

Crohn’s DiseaseCrohn’s Disease Multiple Multiple

SclerosisSclerosis

Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 mellitus (Type 1 and 2)and 2)

Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s DiseaseDisease

Sickle Cell Sickle Cell DiseaseDisease

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Chapter ElevenChapter ElevenLiving with Cancer and Chronic Living with Cancer and Chronic

ConditionsConditions