1if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

if Lesson 2 Outline1. if Lesson 2 Outline2. Absolute Value3. Absolute Value Definition4. Absolute Value Implementation5. What Does This Mean?6. Examples of if-else7. What If the Condition Fails? #18. What If the Condition Fails? #29. What If the Condition Fails? #310. What If the Condition Fails? #411. What If the Condition Fails? #512. Condition Fails Flowchart13. The else clause #114. The else clause #215. The else clause #316. The else clause #4

17. The Meaning of else18. How Many Clauses Will Execute?19. Order of Clauses20. Block Opens and Block Closes21. if-else Flowchart22. if-else Example #123. if-else Example #224. if-else Example Flowchart25. if-else Indentation #126. if-else Indentation #227. Examples of if-else

2if Lesson 1

CS1313 Fall 2015

Absolute ValueConsider the function

a(y) = | y |So we know that

…

a(-2.5) = | -2.5 | = +2.5a(-2) = | -2 | = +2a(-1) = | -1 | = +1a(0) = | 0 | = 0

a(+1) = | +1 | = +1a(+2) = | +2 | = +2

a(+2.5) = | +2.5 | = +2.5…

3if Lesson 1

CS1313 Fall 2015

Absolute Value DefinitionHow is | y | defined?Well, you could always define it as the nonnegative square

root of y2:

But here’s another definition:

,

,y

yy if y is negative

otherwise

2yy

4if Lesson 1

CS1313 Fall 2015

Absolute Value Implementation

Here’s an implementation of absolute value in C:if (y < 0) { absolute_value_of_y = -y;} /* if (y < 0) */else { absolute_value_of_y = y;} /* if (y < 0)...else */

,

,y

yy if y is negative

otherwise

5if Lesson 1

CS1313 Fall 2015

What Does This Mean?if (y < 0) { absolute_value_of_y = -y;} /* if (y < 0) */else { absolute_value_of_y = y;} /* if (y < 0)...else */

1. Evaluate the condition (y < 0), which is a Boolean expression, resulting in either true (1) or false (0).

2. If the condition evaluates to true, then execute the statement inside the if clause.

3. Otherwise, execute the statement inside the else clause.

6if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

Examples of if-elseif (a > b) { printf("Wow, a is greater than b!\n");} /* if (a > b) */else { printf("Loser, a is not greater than b!\n");} /* if (a > b)...else */

if (my_height < your_height) { shortest_height = my_height;} /* if (my_height < your_height) */else { shortest_height = your_height;} /* if (my_height < your_height)...else */

7if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

What If the Condition Fails? #1What if we have something that we want executed only in the

event that the Boolean expression in the if condition fails? That is, when the condition evaluates to false (0).

8if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

What If the Condition Fails? #2If there’s something that we want to do when the if condition

fails, we could simply use another if block with the exact opposite condition:

if ((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number)) { printf("Hey! That’s not between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */if (!((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number))) { printf("Woohoo! That’s between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if (!((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */

9if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

What If the Condition Fails? #3Using another if block with the exact opposite condition is

cumbersome:

if ((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number)) { printf("Hey! That’s not between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */if (!((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number))) { printf("Woohoo! That’s between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if (!((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */

10if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

What If the Condition Fails? #4Using another if block with the exact opposite condition is

cumbersome:(a) It increases the likelihood of bugs, since you’re typing twice

as much.if ((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number)) { printf("Hey! That’s not between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */if (!((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number))) { printf("Woohoo! That’s between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if (!((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */

11if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

What If the Condition Fails? #5Using another if block with the exact opposite condition is

cumbersome:(b) If we later change the first condition, but we forget to change

the second, that’ll introduce a hard-to-find bug.if ((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number)) { printf("Hey! That’s not between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */if (!((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number))) { printf("Woohoo! That’s between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if (!((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */

12if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

Condition Fails Flowchart

…statement_before;if (condition) { statement_inside_true1; statement_inside_true2;} /* if (condition) */if (!condition) { statement_inside_false1; statement_inside_false2;} /* if (!condition) */statement_after;…

13if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

The else clause #1Often, we want to have not only a sequence of statements to execute in the event that

the if condition evaluates to true (1),but also a sequence of statements to execute in the event that

the if condition evaluates to false (0).So, C (like most programming languages) allows us to set up

a special group of statements within the if block, known as an else clause.

14if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

The else clause #2if ((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number)) { printf("Hey! That’s not between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */else { printf("Woohoo! That’s between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ...else

*/ The sequence of statements to execute when the if

condition evaluates to true (1) is known as the if clause. The sequence of statements to execute when the if

condition evaluates to false (0) is known as the else clause.

15if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

The else clause #3if ((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number)) { printf("Hey! That’s not between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */else { printf("Woohoo! That’s between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ...else

*/NOTICE: The else statement DOESN’T have a condition

of its own: it’s simply the keyword else, with its condition implied by the if statement.

That is, the else clause’s condition is the opposite of the if clause’s condition, and is IMPLIED rather than stated explicitly.

16if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

The else clause #4if ((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number)) { printf("Hey! That’s not between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */else { printf("Woohoo! That’s between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ...else

*/

Notice that the presence of the else clause guarantees that, for this if block, EXACTLY ONE of the clauses will be executed.

17if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

The Meaning of elseif ((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number)) { printf("Hey! That’s not between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */else { printf("Woohoo! That’s between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ...else */

The statements inside the if clause are executed if and only if the condition in the if statement evaluates to true (1).

The statements inside the else clause are executed if and only if the if condition evaluates to false (0).

So, in programming, the keyword else means otherwise.

18if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

How Many Clauses Will Execute?if ((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number)) { printf("Hey! That’s not between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */else { printf("Woohoo! That’s between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ...else */

When executing an if block that has BOTH an if clause and an else clause, EXACTLY ONE clause will be executed:

either the condition will evaluate to true (1), in which case the if clause will execute,

OR the condition will evaluate to false (0), in which case

the else clause will execute.

19if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

Order of Clausesif ((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number)) { printf("Hey! That’s not between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */else { printf("Woohoo! That’s between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ...else */Notice that the else clause comes AFTER the if clause.That is, EVERY if block MUST begin with an if clause.Having an else clause is OPTIONAL.In the event that an if block has an else clause, then

the else clause comes at the END of the if block.

20if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

Block Opens and Block Closesif ((users_number < minimum_number) || (users_number > maximum_number)) { printf("Hey! That’s not between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ... */else { printf("Woohoo! That’s between %d and %d!\n", minimum_number, maximum_number);} /* if ((users_number < minimum_number) || ...else

*/Notice that each of the clauses – the if clause and

the else clause – has its own block open and its own block close.

Again, regardless of the value of the Boolean expression in the condition of the if statement, any statements after the last block close are always executed.

21if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

if-else Flowchart

…statement_before;if (condition) { statement_inside_true1; statement_inside_true2;} /* if (condition) */else { statement_inside_false1; statement_inside_false2;} /* if (condition…else) */statement_after;…

22if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

if-else Example #1#include <stdio.h>int main (){ /* main */ const int computers_number = 5; int users_number; printf("Pick an integer:\n"); scanf("%d", &users_number); if (users_number < computers_number) { printf("That’s unbelievable! Your number is\

n"); printf(" less than mine!\n"); printf("Well, okay, maybe it’s believable.\n"); } /* if (users_number < computers_number) */ else { printf("Wow, you picked a number that isn’t\

n"); printf(" less than mine. Good work!\n"); } /* if (users_number < computers_number)...else */ printf("And now I’m sick of you.\n"); printf("Bye!\n");} /* main */

23if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

if-else Example #2% gcc -o islesselse islesselse.c% islesselsePick an integer:6Wow, you picked a number that isn’t less than mine. Good work!And now I’m sick of you.Bye!% islesselsePick an integer:5Wow, you picked a number that isn’t less than mine. Good work!And now I’m sick of you.Bye!% islesselsePick an integer:4That’s unbelievable! Your number is less than mine!Well, okay, maybe it’s believable.And now I’m sick of you.Bye!

24if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

if-else Example Flowchart

printf("Pick an integer:\n"); scanf("%d", &users_number);if (users_number < computers_number) { printf("That’s unbelievable! Your number is\n"); printf(" less than mine!\n"); printf("Well, okay, maybe it’s believable.\n");} /* if (users_number < computers_number) */else { printf("Wow, you picked a number that isn’t\n"); printf(" less than mine. Good work!\n");} /* if (users_number < ...else */printf("And now I’m sick of you.\n");printf("Bye!\n");

25if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

if-else Indentation #1 if (condition) { statement_true1; statement_true2; … } else { statement_false2; statement_false2; }Statements inside the if clause are indented additionally,

beyond the indentation of the if statement and its associated block close.

Statements inside the else clause are indented the same amount as statements inside the if clause.

26if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

if-else Indentation #2 if (condition) { statement1; statement2; … } else { statement_false2; statement_false2; }In CS1313, the statements inside the if clause are

indented an additional 4 spaces beyond the if statement and its associated block close, and likewise for the else clause.

In CS1313, you are ABSOLUTELY FORBIDDEN to use tabs for indenting in your source code.

27if Lesson 2

CS1313 Fall 2015

Examples of if-elseif (a > b) { printf("Wow, a is greater than b!\n");} /* if (a > b) */else { printf("Loser, a is not greater than b!\n");} /* if (a > b)...else */

if (my_height < your_height) { shortest_height = my_height;} /* if (my_height < your_height) */else { shortest_height = your_height;} /* if (my_height < your_height)...else */