Transcript of Ideologies of the Cold War Unit 8 Post* WWII and the US Allied leaders FDR, Churchill and Stalin met...
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Ideologies of the Cold War Unit 8
- Slide 3
- Post* WWII and the US Allied leaders FDR, Churchill and Stalin
met in February 1945 at the Yalta Conference. They agreed to
organization a United Nations and Germany was divided into four
zones. The French, Americans and British united their zones in the
West and the Russians controlled the East. Tensions grew between
Stalin and the other Allies at the Potsdam Conference Communist
Russia and Poland now controlled much of Eastern Europe. The US
occupied Japan from 1945-1952. By 1947 Japan had a constitution and
a democratic government with universal suffrage.
- Slide 4
- The United Nations (the UN) The United States, Britain, Russia
and China met in 1944 and created an international organization
called the United Nations. The UN included a general assembly for
all member nations and a 15 member Security Council with five
permanent nations, including the United States, and ten rotating
positions. One of the first U.S. delegates to the UN was former
first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt.
- Slide 5
- War Crimes Trials At the Potsdam Conference, the Allied leaders
agreed that stern justice shall be given out to all war criminals.
The German War Crimes trials were known as the Nuremberg Trials.
Twelve Nazi leaders were sentenced to death, thousands more were
jailed, fined or barred from holding public office Many Nazis fled
to Latin America to avoid prosecution. Seven Japanese leaders were
sentenced to death in War Crimes Trials held in Tokyo. The Search
Continues
- Slide 6
- Problems of Demobilization By 1946 more than 9 million men and
women had been discharged from the army. The GI Bill ( officially
titled the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944) g ave money to
military veterans to start a business, buy a farm, or go to
college. Women were encouraged to leave the workforce and become
full time homemakers In 1946 alone almost 5 million workers
participated in strikes for higher wages and shorter working
hours.
- Slide 7
- The Roots of the Cold War CategorySoviet CommunismAmerican
Democracy Political System One political party, the Communist
Party. A multi-party democracy Organizations All labor groups and
other associations are run by the Communist Party Unions and other
organizations openly negotiate with employers Economic System
Industries and farms are owned by the state; central planners
determine the nations economic needs; limited private property;
education and limited private property; education and health care
provided by the state Free enterprise system; private ownership of
property; supply and demand determine prices; people meet their own
needs with some limited government involvement Religion Religion is
discouragedFree exercise of religion Individual Rights Secret
police arrest opponents; censorship; no free exercise of beliefs
Freedom of the press and expression (Jarrett, Zimmer, &
Killoran, 2012)
- Slide 8
- The Cold War Begins Soviet expansion after WWII fueled American
mistrust. Winston Churchill described the Soviet influence as an
Iron Curtain that had divided East and West Europe. The US and
Russia began a dispute over atomic weapons. The US tried to
regulate their production but the Soviet Union rejected inspections
and created their own A- bombs (atomic bombs) Berlin airlift,
194849, supply of necessities to West Berlin by US air transports
primarily. It was initiated in response to a land and water
blockade of the city that had been instituted by the Soviet Union
in the hope that the Allies would be forced to abandon West
Berlin.
- Slide 9
- US Responses American leaders respond to Soviet domination with
a Containment Policy not attempting to overturn Communism where it
already exists but prevent it from spreading The Truman Doctrine
provided military support for countries resisting Communism
Marshall Plan sought to prevent expansion of Communism NATO was
developed The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October 1962 The
Iron Curtain divided Europe between Communist and Democratic Berlin
Wall was constructed to divide East and West to halt the flow of
human resources
- Slide 10
- The Truman Doctrine In 1946 a civil war broke out in Greece and
Communist-led rebels threatened to overthrow the Democratic
government. In a speech to Congress that would later become known
as the Truman Doctrine, the President asserted that the US must
protect free peoples from outside pressures. Congress responded to
Truman by approving $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey.
- Slide 11
- NOTES #2
- Slide 12
- The Marshall Plan After WWII, European economies were in
shambles and horrible blizzards worsened an already difficult
situation. In April of 1948 Secretary of State George C. Marshall
presented his European Recovery Program to Congress. By helping
Europe, economies were quickly restored and the U.S. gained strong
trading partners in the region. Initially Congress hesitated to
accept the Marshall Plan, but when the Soviet Union overthrew
Czechoslovakia, Congress agreed.
- Slide 13
- The Election of 48 Leading up to the election of 1948,
President Truman had begun to take steps to end racism in the US.
In December of 1946,Truman created the Committee on Civil Rights.
In1948, Truman banned racial discrimination in hiring federal
employees. Trumans strong stand on civil rights split the
Democratic Party and Southern Democrats created the States Rights
Party or Dixiecrats. Republican saw the split as a sure win, but in
a great upset, Truman defeated Dewey.
- Slide 14
- NATO and the Warsaw Pact In 1949 nine Western European nations
joined the US, Canada and Iceland to form the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO). NATO members pledged to defend the other
nations in case of an outside attack. In response to NATO the
Soviet Union joined other Communist Nations in a similar agreement
known as the Warsaw Pact. After NATO the US began to station troops
in Europe and provided massive aid to its allies
- Slide 15
- China Falls to Communists Since the 1920s, China had two main
political parties the Chinese Communists and the Nationalist Party.
During WWII the two sides put away their differences to focus on
defeating Japan. After the War, fighting resumed and the US began
to send money to the Nationalist Party By 1949, Communist forces
led by Mao Zedong controlled most of the country and established
the Peoples Republic of China
- Slide 16
- Communist Fears in America: McCarthyism In 1947 the United
States established the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) to gather
strategic military and political info. To crack down on the
Communist Party in the US the Congress created the House
Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). In 1950 Senator Joseph
McCarthy claimed to have a list of known Communist supporters, he
used his position on a Senate investigating committee to accuse
hundreds of Communist ties with little or no proof. The United
States and the UK worked together to intercept encrypted Soviet
messages and to create the Venona Papers which listed Soviet spies
in the US.
- Slide 17
- Edward R. Murrow was a hero. When this nation was drowning in
cowardice and demagoguery, it was Murrow who hurled the spear at
the terror. The spear was his See It Now television broadcast on
Senator Joe McCarthy.
- Slide 18
- Notes #3
- Slide 19
- The Alger Hiss Trial Hiss worked in the administration of
Franklin D. Roosevelt. Franklin D. Roosevelt In 1948, Whitaker
Chambers accused Hiss of having been a member of an underground
communist organization. Hiss denied this but was found guilty and
served more than three years of a five-year prison sentence. He
released in 1954, still asserting his innocence. He died in
1996.
- Slide 20
- Rosenberg Trials (1951) Following the Success of the nuclear
attacks, America became suspicious of how the Soviet Union received
information about the technology July 17, 1960 Julius Rosenberg was
arrested for provided Soviets with information One month later,
Julius wife Ethel was also arrested for assisting her husband
Although the evidence against the Rosenbergs was circumstantial and
at times contradictory, a culture of fear led to a guilty verdict
under the Espionage Act of 1917 Two years later, both would be
executed in the electric chair
- Slide 21
- Arms Race & Space Race After WWII, the United States began
work on the hydrogen bomb or H-bomb which was 1,000 times more
powerful than the A-bomb the competition between the Soviets and
Americans to develop more powerful Nuclear weapons became known as
the Arms-Race The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushchev, launched
Sputnik in 1957,the first space satellite. Later, when Sputnik II
went into orbit around the earth, the US created NASA (National
Aeronautical and Space Administration) and began to pour millions
into improving education in MATH and SCIENCE. The competition to
make discoveries in outer space became known as the Space Race
- Slide 22
- Life in the Eisenhower Era In 1952 Dwight Eisenhower became
President and a new era began in the United States. Automation
allowed machines to greatly increase productivity in US factories.
Americans began to marry and have children at a younger age. The
resulting population increase became known as the Baby Boom. By the
end of the 1950s, over 46 million households owned televisions. TV
commercials helped market many new products across the nation.
- Slide 23
- Youth Culture of the 1950s Elvis The King Presley became the
leading talent in a new kind of music called rock-n-roll.
Rock-n-roll also crossed racial lines as Little Richard, Chuck
Berry and Ritchie Valens became minority stars in rock-n-roll. Many
parents felt that music, movies, and literature were creating
juvenile delinquents. Television and films of the 1950s glamorized
rebellion against suburban culture.
- Slide 24
- The election of 1960 pitted Eisenhower's VP, Richard Milhouse
Nixon against the Democrat, JFK (John Fitzgerald Kennedy) Kennedy
chose Texas Senator, Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) as his running mate.
Johnson was chosen partially because Kennedy (from Massachusetts)
wanted to attract more Southern voters. Johnson would soon be
thrust into the spotlight of American history. Nixon argued that he
was more experienced, but many felt that in the televised debates
JFK appeared more confident and relaxed. Kennedy won the election
by only 120,000 popular votes and 84 electoral votes. The Election
of 1960
- Slide 25
- Bay of Pigs A Disaster for the US In 1959, Fidel Castro led a
revolution in Cuba and set up a Communist government. Castro had
very close ties to the Soviet Union. The CIA (Central Intelligence
Agency) began a project to train Cuban rebels to overthrow Castro
and JFK pledged US support. On April 17, 1961 American trained
Cuban forces landed at the Bay of Pigs, but JFK did not provide the
support he had promised and Castros forces quickly defeated the
guerrillas The incident was a source of embarrassment for Kennedy
and pushed Castro closer to the Soviets.
- Slide 26
- Cuban Missile Crisis The Bay of Pigs caused Soviet leader,
Nikita Khrushchev to question JFKs toughness. The Soviet Union
erected the Berlin Wall (in Germany) and also began sending long
range missiles to Cuba. Kennedy responded aggressively by sending
troops to Berlin and blockading Cuba from the Soviets. For several
days the US and the Soviets were on the brink of nuclear war, Cuba
armed nuclear missiles and Soviet ship moved toward Cuba, but
Khrushchev backed down and agreed to dismantle Cuban missiles.
- Slide 27
- The Impact of JFK at Home John F. Kennedy was an extremely
popular President. His good looks and athleticism presented an
image of youth and vitality. President Kennedy often inspired young
people to take a more active role in politics. Domestically (within
the US) Kennedys programs often were vetoed by Congress. JFK was
successful in passing the Area Redevelopment Act to provide
economic assistance to the poorest parts of the US.
- Slide 28
- Kennedys Assassination As part of his 1964 Presidential
campaign, Kennedy traveled to Dallas, Texas. Around 12:30 PM
Kennedys open-top motorcade moved through downtown and the
President was fatally shot in the head. Within hours, police
arrested Lee Harvey Oswald, who would himself be shot to death two
day later by nightclub owner, Jack Rubenstein (Ruby). New President
LB Johnson appointed the Warren Commission to review crime scene
evidence. The Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone
- Slide 29
- RACE TO THE MOON President Kennedy wanted to beat the Soviets
to the moon, but did not live to see the event. The United States
achieved the first manned landing on Earth's Moon as part of the
Apollo 11 mission commanded by Neil Armstrong on July 20, 1969.
Soviet and U.S. leaders knew that being the first country to land
on the moon would be an extremely important media event.. The first
words Armstrong spoke That's one small step for man, one giant leap
for mankind.