Post on 02-Jan-2016
IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Culture and OrganizationalBehavior
Chapter 2
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Learning ObjectivesUnderstand what culture is and levels of cultureExplain how culture developsDescribe the major frameworks for explaining the cultures of different societiesDiscuss the relation of culture to the study of OBDebate the issue of cultural convergence Vs. divergence
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
What is Culture?A way of life of a group of peopleThat complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by people as members of societyEverything that people have, think, and do as members of society
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Sathe’s Levels of Culture
Waterline
Basic assumptions
Expressed values
Manifestculture
Basicassumptions
Expressed values
Manifestculture
Iceberg Onion2-4
IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
How is Culture Learned?
Primary SocializationCultures and SubculturesSecondary Socialization
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Frameworks for Examining CulturesCultural OrientationsWork-related Values DimensionsCommunication PatternsChinese Value SurveyCultural Metaphors
IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Variations in Values OrientationsValues Orientation Variations
Relation to Nature
Time Orientation
Basic Human Nature
Activity Orientation
Relationships among People
Space Orientation
Subjugation
Past
Evil
Being
Individualistic
Private
Harmony
Present
Neutral/Mixed
Containing/Controlling
Group
Mixed
Mastery
Future
Good
Doing
Hierarchical
Public
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
You cook like that!
You cook this way!
How we cook and eat quite differently
IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Hofstede’s Four Dimensions of Cultural Values
Individualism/CollectivismPower DistanceUncertainty AvoidanceMasculinity/Femininity
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
The Chinese Value Survey
Confucian Work Dynamism Long Term Vs. Short Term Orientation
• Future• Thrifty• Persistence
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Hofstede and CVS Cultural Dimension Scores for 10 Countries
USA 40L 91H 62H 46L 29LGermany 35L 67H 66H 65M 31MJapan 54M 46M 95H 92H 80HFrance 68H 71H 43M 86H 30LNetherlands 38L 80H 14L 53M 44MHong Kong 68H 25L 57H 29L 96HIndonesia 78H 14L 46M 48L 25LWest Africa 77H 20L 46M 54M 16LRussia 95H 50M 40L 90H 10LChina 80H 20L 50M 60M 118H
PD ID MA UA LT
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Trompenaars’ Seven Dimensions of Culture
Universalism Vs. ParticularismIndividualism Vs. CollectivismNeutral Vs. Affective RelationshipsSpecific Vs. Diffuse RelationshipsAchievement Vs. AscriptionRelationship to TimeRelationship to Nature
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Cultural Framework
High-Context Low-ContextChina AustriaEgypt CanadaFrance DenmarkItaly EnglandJapan FinlandLebanon GermanySaudi Arabia NorwaySpain SwitzerlandSyria United States
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Cultural Metaphors
Country MetaphorEngland the traditional British house
Germany the symphony
Italy the opera
Japan the garden
Nigeria the marketplace
Russia the ballet
Turkey the coffeehouse
United States football
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
American Football and the U.S. Corporate Culture
Members of the team come together and decide what to do as a groupIndividuals receive rewards based on individual performance and contribution to the teamA masculinity culture that emphasis “tough values” such as “Competition”
IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Dragons in Ancient China and the Contemporary World
American Dragon Boat Association
Emperor Tai-Tsung, Tang Dynasty (626-649)
IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Do the Frameworks Explain Cultural Differences?
Represent average behavior within a cultureCountries classified similarly may still be very differentReliability may vary
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Convergence or Divergence?
Closer communication and trade linksWorldwide marketing and product distributionsGlobalization of businessesCultural impact and penetration
Different cultural interpretationsNeed to maintain cultural identityAdaptation to different marketsTrade disputes
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IBUS 681, Dr. Yang
Implications for Managers
Understanding culture is important even in home countryOrganization’s stakeholders could be from another cultureNeed to look for underlying cultural meanings
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