I. The Russian Revolution

Vladimir LeninTsar Nicholas II

A. Russian Civil War1. Russia: largest army in world (1916 ran out of supplies…)

2. Tsar Nicholas II lived in luxury…family eventually executed

3. “February Revolution” (1917): massive strikes & protests

- tsar abdicated throne- “Provisional Government” formed led by Kerensky

4. Marxists emerge: “Bolsheviks” led by V.I. Lenin

- “October Revolution” (1917): Lenin takes power- 1918: Russia leaves WWI (lost 1/3 of territory)

The Romanov Family

B. New Economic Policy (N.E.P.)1. 1918: Russian Civil War…by 1921 Communist “Red

Army” wins

2. 1922: creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)

3. Russian economy in shambles…Lenin’s New Economic Policy: restored production by relaxing government controls (Peace, Land, & Bread)

4. Death of Lenin (1924): struggle for power & Leon Trotsky forced out by Joseph Stalin

Soviets

National Congress

Committees

Politburo

General Secretary of the Communist Party

Leninism

Politburo

The Russian State from 1918 until 1989

Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky

C. German Civil War?1. brink of civil war in Germany

(1923):

- French occupied Ruhr Valley- severe hyperinflation

II. China & Japan:

A. Issues in the Far East

1. Early 1900s China:

– rapid population growth– weakened Qing dynasty– brutal warlords & tax collectors– devastating floods of Yellow River

2. Japan had few natural resources

– expansion…

B. East Asia1. China:

– landlords– wealthy merchants– peasants– foreigners

2. Japan:

– industrialization aggravated social tensions– urbanites against “traditionalists”– wealthy zaibatsu (large companies) vs. poor farmers

C. Chinese Revolutions (1900–1918)1. Boxer Rebellion (“Righteous Fists of Harmony”) 1899-

1901: anti-imperialist & anti-Christian movement…China defeated & humiliated

2. Chinese Revolution (1911): revolution to overthrow the Qing by Army mutiny: Sun Yat-sen elected as president of China

Last Emperor of China: Puyi

D. Chinese Warlords

1. Paris Peace Conference: Japan controlled German colonies in China

- riots in Beijing

2. China’s regional generals (warlords) plundered & taxed countryside

- treaty ports prospered

E. Chiang Kai-shek

1. Sun Yat-sen welcomed members of the new Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

2. Sun’s successor Chiang Kai-shek:

– crushes regional warlords (1927)– crushes Communist Party– industrialization & modernization– corrupt administrators– forced to Taiwan