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Special Publication No. 8 ~ ~of_t_h~~-S~o~c~_· e~ty_· f_o_r_G~e~o-lo_g_y_.t______ . pp 1e o mera epos1 s
Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Andes Edited by
L. Font bote, G. C. Amstutz, M. Cardozo, E. Cedillo and J. Frutos
With 310 Figures and 1 Map
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Prof. Dr. G. CHRISTIAN AMSTUTZ Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut, Universitat Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 236
D-6900 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
Prof. Dr. MIGUEL CARDOZO Universidad Nacional de lngenieria, and Newmont Peru Limited Gerente de Exploraciones Av. Jose Galvez Barrenechea 218, Urb. Corpac Lima-San Isidro, Peru
Prof. Dr. ESTEBAN CEDILW Facultad de Minas, Metalurgia y Geologia, Universidad de Guanajuato Ex-Hacienda de San Matias s/n Apartado Postal 347
Guanajuato, Gto. 36020, Mexico
Prof. Dr. Lwfs FONTBOTE Departement de Mineralogie, Universite de Geneve 12, rue des Maraichers CH-1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland
Prof. Dr. JOSE FRUTOS Programa de Geologia Econ6mica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepci6n Casilla 4107 Concepci6n, Chile
ISBN 978-3-642-88284-5 ISBN 978-3-642-88282-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-88282-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Stratabound ore deposits in the Andes I edited by L. Fontbote ... [et a!.]. p. em. - (Special publication no. 8 of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-3-642-88284-5 1. Ore deposits - Andes. 2. Mineralogy, Determinative. 3. Geology, Stratigraphic - Paleozoic. 4. Geology, Stratigraphic - Mesozoic. I. Fontbote, (Lluis), 1952- . II. Series: Special publication of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits; no. 8. QE390.S766 1990 553'.098 - dc20 90-9751 CIP
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1990 Softoover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990
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Preface
The present volume Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Andes has its roots in an international seminar on stratabound ore deposits which took place in September 1986 in Cusco, Peru, sponsored by Multiciencias (Peru) and UNESCO. During this seminar it became clear that the amount and quality of research done on stratabound ore deposits in the Andes required a synthesis.
Researchers in industry and government as well as in academia, including many which had participated at the Cusco Seminar, were invited to contribute. The answer was extremely positive, confirming the idea that a book expressing the state of the art of the study of stratabound ore deposits in the Andes was long overdue.
As editors we sought to give maximum coverage to the present knowledge, yet keeping the length, and thereby the price, within reasonable limits. The book contains three types of contributions. In the first part the reader will find review papers focusing on ( 1) the geologic framework (Frutos), (2) the metallogenesis in Andean countries including also types of deposits differing from those of stratabound nature (Cardozo and Cedillo, Oyarzun), and (3) an introductory overview of the stratabound ore deposits in the Andes, emphasizing their geotectonic position as a classification tool (Fontbote).
In the second part 53 invited contributions describe individual ore deposits and districts. They were selected on the basis that significant investigations had been carried out already, and, although not exhaustive, they give a fairly good coverage of the present knowledge on stratabound ore deposits in the Andes. Due to spatial limitations the authors were asked to treat their topics as synthetically as possible and to refer to previous work for complementary information. Fact description prevails over genetic discussions. The contributions are organized according to the geotectonic position of the host rock, and, within each group, from north to south.
In the third part three papers deal with comparative geochemical and isotopic aspects of the possible metal sources of stratabound ore deposits in the Andes (Soler and Lara, Puig, and Fontbote et al.).
1\vo appendixes contain information on main characteristics of several hundred ore deposits and occurrences. This information is
VI Preface
included in printed lists of a data base as well as in a fold-out with three color maps (1: 10000000) in which the most representative stratabound ore deposits have been plotted in their geological an paleogeographical framework. Comprehensive mines and subject indices allow the retrieval of a large amount of detailed information which is of interest not only in metallogeny but also in regional geology.
We are indeed grateful to the many individuals and institutions who helped to make both this book and the Multiciencias-Unesco Course in Cusco possible. Whereas all cannot be mentioned here individually, we do wish to point out a few. Victor Latorre, Director of the Multiciencias courses in Peru strongly supported the whole organization of the seminar. The Instituto Tecnol6gico GeoMinero de Espana provided generous financial support to the printing of the present book, making possible at the same time its free distribution to the libraries of the main universities and research institutions of the Andean countries. The major aim of the Multiciencias Course in Cusco was a "science transfer" to developing countries in contrast to a mere "technology transfer". To this, the lectures of the following invited "non-Andean" colleagues were major contributions: G. 0. Allard, Univ. of Georgia; G. M. Anderson, Univ. of Toronto; I. Lambert, Baas Becking Laboratory, Canberra; and D. Large, Braunschweig. We are especially grateful to all authors who have contributed to this book, both with their papers and with numerous suggestions regarding content and form. We thank also the German Science Foundation (DFG), the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the Volkswagen Foundation for their generous financial support during the numerous research projects which led to this book and for making possible the coordination between the five editors, presently working in four different countries. Appreciation is due to Dr. W. Engel, Mrs. G. Hess, and Mrs. M. Boning, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, and also many members of the staff of the Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut of the University of Heidelberg, specifically Dr. Cornelia Kluth, Mrs. Marion DeMille, Mrs. Silvia Rosas, Mr. Cesar Munoz, and Mr. Michael Doppler for their continuous help during all stages of the preparation of this work.
As editors, we are confident that this volume will constitute a valuable contribution to Andean metallogeny. Three main aims should have been accomplished. First, it is primarily a report of facts, or a new interpretation of known facts. The coverage of the subject is, quite naturally, not complete; but we believe that the examples given represent most if not all of the major types of stratabound ore deposits in the Andes and that they will make investigations available to the international community which in many cases were hardly accessible or even unpublished. It is understood that this book deals only with stratabound deposits. In several contribu-
Preface VII
tions, however, the deposits described lie at the edge of the definition and transitions to other ore deposit types also referred to.
The second aim is to provide type examples for reference in a more general, international context. The past 40 years of exploration for, and research on stratabound ore deposits have resulted in an upsurge of more exploration. It has also become clear that stratabound ores are, in many cases, more extended and extensive than other types of ore deposits. And since stratabound deposits require knowledge of the stratified sedimentary and/or volcanic host rock, the previous gap between stratigraphy and/or sedimentology on the one hand, and economic geology, on the other, had to be closed as much as possible.
But this last statement touches on the third aim already. This is the clarification of the heavily battered and often misunderstood terms and concepts, syngenetic versus epigenetic, with respect to stratabound ores. The reader will s.ee in all instances that the term stratabound does not have any genetic implication. Stratabound ore deposits form both contemporaneously, and also much later than their host rock through a variety of genetic processes.
Numerous contributions include results of advanced geochemical techniques. Trace element and/or isotope signatures, fluid inclusion data, etc. provide useful tools for better interpretations and, logically, more reliable indications in exploration. However, we should never rely on only one approach. The geo-metric and the geo-chemical approach must go hand in hand. And, if there is disagreement, it is certainly not a bad recommendation to stay "sitting on the fence", until a better solution is found. A genetic model based on one approach only too often has led to one-sided interpretations which hold back the advancement of our science and lead exploration astray.
Of course, "tempora mutantur et nos mutamus in illis" - and not only we, but also our approaches to the truth vary with the course of history. Consequently, there will be improvements and adjustments of the models presented in this book. Nevertheless, we hope that it will serve the three aims mentioned above and, at the same time, it will help to define new research and exploration objectives.
January 1990 G. C. AMSTUTZ, Heidelberg M. CARDOZO, Lima E. CEDILLO, Guanajuato L. FONTBOTE, Heidelberg/Geneve J. FRUTOS, Concepci6n
Contents
Part I Introduction
The Andes Cordillera: A Synthesis of the Geologic Evolution J. Frutos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Geologic-Metallogenetic Evolution of the Peruvian Andes M. Cardozo and E. Cedillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
The Metalliferous Ore Deposits of Chile and Argentina, and Their Geologic Framework J. Oyarzun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Andes: A Review and a Classification According to Their Geotectonic Setting L. Fontbote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Part II Description of Ore Deposits
Pre-Andean Period
Stratabound Sulfide Occurrences in the Paleozoic of the Yauli Dome, Central Peru H. W. Kobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Stratabound Cu-(Ag) Deposits in the Permian Mitu Red-Bed Formations, Central Peru H. W. Kobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Geology of the Cu-(Ag, Bi) Stratabound Deposit Cobriza, Central Peru M.A. Huaman, E. Antunez de Mayolo and A.M. Rivera 129
Gold Deposits in Lower Paleozoic Sediments of the Cordillera Real, Bolivia H.-J. Schneider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
The Stratabound Kellhuani Tin Deposits, Bolivia B. Lehmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
X
El Aguilar Mine: An Ordovician Sediment-Hosted Stratiform Lead-Zinc Deposit in the Central Andes
Contents
R. J. Sureda and J. L. Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Oolitic Stratabound Iron Ores in the Silurian of Argentina and Bolivia M.-A. Boso and C. R. Monaldi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
The "La Helvecia" Pb, Zn, and Barite Deposit, Argentina A. Brodtkorb and M. K. de Brodtkorb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
The Barite Deposits of Canota, Argentina M. K. de Brodtkorb, I. B. A. Schalamuk, S. Ametrano, R. Fernandez and R. Etcheverry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Massive Sulfides in the Greenstone Belt of South-Central Chile - An Overview G. Alfaro and S. Callao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Banded Iron Formation and Massive Sulfide Orebodies, South-Central Chile: Geologic and Isotopic Aspects S. Callao, G. Alfaro and K. Hayashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd Data from Some Massive Sulfide Occurrences in the Metamorphic Basement of South-Central Chile F. Herve, R. J. Pankhurst, M. Brook, G. Alfaro, J. Frutos, H. Miller, W. Schira and G. C. Amstutz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
The Piren Alto Cu-(Zn) Massive Sulfide Occurrence in South-Central Chile - A Kieslager-Type Mineralization in a Paleozoic Ensialic Mature Marginal Basin Setting W. Schira, G. C. Amstutz and L. Font bote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Andean-Cycle
Triassic-Liassic (Carbonate Platform)
Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Pucara Basin An Overview L. Fontbote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Metallogenic Evolution of the Yauli Dome, Central Peru A Summary H. W. Kobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
The Zn-Pb-(Ag) Deposits Huaripampa and Carahuacra in the Mining District of San Cristobal, Central Peru M. Dalheimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Machcan Mine: A Pb-Zn Ore Deposit in Pucara Sediments of the Atacocha District, Central Peru W. Hirdes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Contents XI
Sulfur Isotope Studies in the Zinc-Lead Mine San Vicente, Central Peru H. Gorzawski, L. Fontbote, C. W. Field and R. Tejada 305
Liassic-Lower Cretaceous
a) Volcanic Sequences at the Magmatic Arc
Geology of the Buena Esperanza Copper-Silver Deposit, Northern Chile C. M. Palacios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
The Susana Copper(-Silver) Deposit in Northern Chile. Hydrothermal Mineralization Associated with a Jurassic Volcanic Arc F. Wolf, L. Fontbote and G. C. Amstutz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
b) Volcaniclastic Sequences in Intra-Arc Basins
The Conglomerate-Hosted Copper Deposits at Caleta Coloso, Chile S. Flint and P. Turner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
The Atacama-Coquimbo Ferriferous Belt, Northern Chile S. Espinoza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
La Negra-Coquimbana Manganiferous District, Southern Atacama Desert, Chile M. Pincheira and L. Fontbote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
c) Volcano-Sedimentary Sequences in Back-Arc Basins (in Part Marginal Basins)
Massive Sulfides in Colombia F. Ortiz B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
The Cu-Zn-Au-Ag Deposit of La Plata (Toachi), Ecuador R. W. Lehne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
The Copara Metallotect in Central Peru: Geologic Evolution and Ore Formation M. Cardozo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Palma: A Nonmetamorphic Stratabound Massive Zn-Ba Occurrence in the Eastern Casma Group of Central Peru K. Steinmtiller and A. Wauschkuhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
The Agustina Mine, a Volcanic-Hosted Copper Deposit in Northern Chile S. Hopf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
XII Contents
El Soldado, a Stratabound Copper Deposit Associated with Alkaline Volcanism in the Central Chilean Coastal Range E. Klohn, C. Holmgren and H. Ruge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Geological Characteristics of Stratabound Deposits Associated with Lacustrine Sediments, Central Chile F. Camus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
The Cerro Negro Mine, Chile: Manto-Type Copper Mineralization in a Volcaniclastic Environment S. Elgueta, A. Hodgkin, E. Rodriguez and A. Schneider 463
The Toqui Zinc-Lead-Copper-Silver Deposits, Aysen Province, Chile F. W. Wellmer and E. J. Reeve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
The Mining District of the General Carrera Lake and the Rosillo Manto Deposit, Aysen Province, Southern Chile A. Schneider and R. Toloza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
d) Marine Sedimentary Sequences in Back-Arc Basins
Geologic Evolution of the Atacama Basin During the Lower Cretaceous M. E. Cisternas and L.. L. Diaz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
The Bandurrias Iron Ore Deposit, Atacama Region, Northern Chile M. E. Cisternas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
The Bellavista Zn-Ag Mine, Copiap6 Region, Chile L. L. Diaz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
The Mamifia Barite Mine, Atacama Region, Chile L. L. Diaz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
e) Platform Sediments Attached to the Foreland
Stratabound Lead-Zinc Deposits in the Jurassic Chaucha Formation, Central Peru E. Cedillo .... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Stratabound Polymetallic Ore Deposits of the Santa Metallotect in the Huanzala and Pachapaqui Mining Areas in Central Peru R. Carrascal and J. Saez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Stratabound Ore Deposits of Hualgayoc, Cajamarca, Peru S. Canchaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Geology of Iscaycruz Ore Deposits in the Santa Formation, Central Peru G. Flores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Contents
Vanadiferous Occurrences in the Pariatambo Formation and at Sincos, Central Peru
XIII
c. Canepa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
The Barite and Celestite Metallotects of the Neuquen Retroarc Basin, Central Argentina V. A. Ramos and M. K. de Brodtkorb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Upper Cretaceous-Recent
The Polymetallic Ore Deposit of Colquijirca, Central Peru R. W. Lehne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
The Sediment-Hosted, Stratabound Copper Deposits of San Bartolo, Northern Chile S. Flint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
The Stratiform Ag-Cu Deposit El Jardin, Northern Chile C. K. Mayer and L. Font bote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
The Stratabound Tuff-Hosted Elisa de Bordos Silver-Mercury Deposit, Northern Chile M. Jurgeit and L. Fontbote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Origin of the Copper Ores at Corocoro, Bolivia W. Avila-Salinas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Stratabound Uranium Deposits in the Argentinian Andes R. E. Ferreyra and L. E. Lardone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
The El Laco Magnetite Lava Flow Deposits, Northern Chile: An Up-To-Date Review and New Data J. Frutos, J. Oyarzun, Y. Shiga and G. Alfaro . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Volcanic Sulfur Deposits in the Andes of Northern Chile F. Ferraris and T. Vila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Salar Deposits in Northern Chile T. Vila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Borate Deposits in the Andes R.N. Alonso and J. G. Viramonte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Part III General Geochemical Topics
Minor and Thace Elements in the Polymetallic Stratabound Ore Deposits of the Central Peruvian Andes P. Soler and M.A. Lara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Lead Isotopes in the Chilean Ores A. Puig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
XIV
Metal Sources in Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Andes (Andean Cycle) - Lead Isotopic Constraints
Contents
L. Font bote, K. A. Gunnesch and A. Baumann . . . . . . . . . . 759
Appendix
Main Characteristics of Representative Andean Stratabound Ore Deposits and General Index of Districts. Mines, and Occurrences (Printed Lists of a Data Base) L. Fontbote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Map of Stratabound Ore Deposits of the Andes J. Frutos, L. Font bote and G. C. Amstutz (Inside Back Cover)
Contributors
You will find the addresses at beginning of the respective contribution
Alfaro, G. 199, 209, 221, 681 Alonso, R.N. 721 Ametrano, S. 193 Amstutz, G.C. 221, 229, 319 Antunez de Mayolo, E. 129 Avila-Salinas, W. 659 Baumann, A. 759 Boso, M.A. 175 Brodtkorb, A. 187 de Brodtkorb, M.K. 187, 193,
599 Brook, M. 221 Camus, F. 449 Canchaya, S. 569 Canepa, C. 595 Cardozo, M. 37, 395 Carrascal, R. 555 Cedillo, E. 37, 537 Cisternas, M. E. 495, 505 Collao, S. 199, 209 Dalheimer, M. 279 Diaz, L. L. 495, 513, 253 Elgueta, S. 463 Espinoza, S. 353 Etcheverry, R. 193 Fernandez, R. 193 Ferraris, F. 691 Ferreyra, R. E. 671 Field, C. W. 305 Flint, S. 339, 621 Flores, G. 583 Fontbote, L. 79, 229, 523, 305,
319, 365, 637, 647, 759, 777 Frutos, J. 3, 221, 681 Gorzawski, H. 305 Gunnesch, K.A. 759 Hayashi, K. 209 Herve, F. 221 Hirdes, W. 293 Hodgkin, A. 463 Holmgren, C. 435
Hopf, S. 421 Huaman, M.A. 129 Jurgeit, M. 647 Klohn, E. 435 Kobe, H. W. 113, 123, 267 Lara, M.A. 735 Lardone, L. E. 671 Lehmann, B. 147 Lehne, R. W. 389, 615 Martin, J. L. 161 Mayer, C. K. 637 Miller, H. 221 Monaldi, C. R. 175 Ortiz, F. 379 Oyarzun, J. 61, 681 Palacios, C. M. 313 Pankhurst, R. J. 221 Pincheira, M. 365 Puig, A. 749 Ramos, V. A. 599 Reeve, E. J. 463 Rivera, A.M. 129 Rodriguez, E. 463 Ruge, H. 435 Saez, J. 555 Schalamuk, I. B. A. 193 Schira, W. 221, 229 Schneider, A. 473, 485 Schneider, H.-J. 137 Shiga, Y. 681 Soler, P. 735 Steinmtiller, K. 413 Sureda, R. J. 161 Tejada, R. 305 Toloza, R. 485 Turner, P. 339 Vila, T. 691, 703 Viramonte, J. G. 721 Wauschkuhn, A. 413 Wellmer, F. W. 473 Wolf, F. B. 319