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Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division July 16, 2013
EPA/ORD/NHEERL/NERL
Naval Research Laboratory/Stennis Space Center
ISS Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO): Application of Space-based Hyperspectral Imagery for the Protection of
the Nation’s Coastal Resources
Jessica Aukamp USEPA/NHEERL/Gulf Ecology DivisionDonald Cobb USEPA/NHEERL/Atlantic Ecology DivisionRobyn Conmy USEPA/National Risk Management Research Laboratory/Land Remediation
and Pollution ControlGeorge Craven USEPA/NHEERL/Gulf Ecology DivisionRichard Gould Naval Research Laboratory/ Bio-optical
Physical Processes and Remote Sensing Section
James Hagy USEPA/NHEERL/Gulf Ecology DivisionDarryl Keith* USEPA/NHEERL/Atlantic Ecology DivisionJohn Lehrter USEPA/NHEERL/Gulf Ecology DivisionRoss Lunetta USEPA/National Exposure Research
Laboratory/Environmental Services DivisionMichael Murrell USEPA/NHEERL/Gulf Ecology DivisionKenneth Rocha USEPA/NHEERL/Atlantic Ecology DivisionBlake Schaeffer USEPA/NHEERL/Gulf Ecology Division
*email: keith.darryl@epa.gov
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 2
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s mandate to protect human health and the environment requires innovative and sustainable solutions for addressing the Nation’s environmental problems.
HICO offers EPA and the environmental monitoring community an unprecedented opportunity to observe changes in coastal and estuarine water quality across a range of spatial scales not possible with field-based monitoring.
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 3
What is ocean/estuary color?
Rrs(0+,λ) = Lw (0+,λ)/ Es(0+,λ)
Rrs = remotely sensed reflectance (1/sr)
Lw (0+, λ) = water leaving radiance measured above the air/water interface (W m-2 sr-1),
Es ((0+, λ) = downwelling irradiance measured above the air/water interface (W m-2 sr-1)
Definition of Remotely Sensed Reflectance (Rrs)
Remotely sensed reflectance
Remotely sensed reflectance
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 4
Use HICO imagery to develop a novel space-based environmental monitoring system that provides information for the sustainable management of coastal ecosystems.
To demonstrate that water quality information derived from HICO could be incorporated into a prototype smart phone application to disseminate data to managers in the EPA Office of Water.
Program Objectives
Water quality news reports may change the social and economic dynamics for the Nation to not only be aware of its water quality conditions but support sustainable practices to maintain or improve conditions at their favorite recreational areas.
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 5
•HICO is intended as a pathfinder for follow-on sensors designed with better resolution and for routine observations of coastal, riverine, and
estuarine waters (Lucke et al., 2011).
•Built on the legacy of the NRL Ocean Portable Hyperspectral Imager for Low-Light Spectroscopy (Ocean PHILLS) airborne imagers and funded as an Innovative Naval Prototype by the Office of Naval Research
•January, 2007: HICO selected to fly on the International Space Station (ISS)
•November, 2007: Construction began following the Critical Design Review
•September, 2008: Space-qualified instrument delivered to the DOD Space Test Program for integration and spacecraft-level testing
•April, 2009: Shipped to Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for launch
•September 10, 2009: HICO launched on JAXA H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV)
•September 24, 2009: HICO installed on ISS Japanese Module Exposed Facility
Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO).... Intent and a bit of history
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 6HICO Viewing Slit
spectrometer
Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO)
1st spaceborne imaging spectrometer specifically made for the environmental characterization of the coastal ocean from space
HICO is installed in the HICO-RAIDS experiment payload (HREP) on the Japanese Experiment Module - Exposed Facility
camera
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 7
To increase scene access frequency+45 to -30 deg Cross-track pointing
Data volume and transmission constraints1 maximumScenes per orbit
Large enough to capture the scale of coastal dynamics
Adequate for scale of selected coastal ocean features
Sensor response to be insensitive to polarization of light from scene
Provides adequate Signal to Noise Ratio after atmospheric removal
Derived from Spectral Range andSpectral Channel Width
Sufficient to resolve spectral features
All water-penetrating wavelengths plus Near Infrared for atmospheric correction
Rationale
~100Number of Spectral
Channels
~50 x 200 kmScene Size
~100 metersGround Sample
Distance at Nadir
< 5%Polarization Sensitivity
> 200 to 1for 5% albedo scene
(10 nm spectral binning)
Signal-to-Noise Ratiofor water-penetrating
wavelengths
5.7 nmSpectral Channel Width
380 to 960 nmSpectral Range
PerformanceParameter
Arnone et al., (2009) HICO for NASA Gulf Workshop
HICO Tech Specs
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 8
Program Implementation
Collected 49 images from four estuaries along NW Florida during April 2010 to May 2012 during ISS Expeditions 24 - 31
Pensacola, Choctawhatchee, and St. Andrew Bays are shallow (~4.0 m), microtidal (tidal range ~ 1.0 m) brackish water estuaries. St. Joseph Bay is slightly deeper ( ~8 m) and not influenced by the inflow of fresh water.
Pensacola Bay Choctowhatchee Bay
St. Andrew Bay
St. Joseph
Bay
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division
Field Validation Program
Pensacola Bay
Choctawhatchee Bay
St. Joseph Bay
St. Andrew Bay
Sample stations
Green = water quality moorings(chl a, turbidity,
and CDOM)
Yellow = above water radiance,
temp, salinity, and optical properties
Red = same as yellow + discrete water samples
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division
Using small boat surveys within each estuary, collected and processed water column profile and above-water
hyperspectral data (Rrs) and water quality samples (Chl a, TSS, CDOM, salinity)
Field Validation Program – Part 1
Attempted to conduct sampling within 1-3 days of an ISS overflight
Laboratory analysisAbove-water radiometryWater column profiling
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 11
Field Validation Program – Part 2
Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) were deployed concurrently with HICO overpasses by the NRL Stennis Space Center Detachment (NRL/SSC) and the USEPA
Atlantic Ecology Division (AED)
NRL/SSC deployed a Slocum electric glider off of Pensacola Bay along the 15-30 m bathymetric contours which recorded:
temperaturesalinity (conductivity)
chlorophyll and CDOM florescence
SlocumG2 Glider
Designed andmanufactured
by Webb Research
AED deployed a REMUS (Remote Environmental Monitoring Unit) AUV in Pensacola and Choctowhatchee Bays which recorded:
temperaturesalinity (conductivity)
chlorophyll and turbidity at approximately one meter depth
Photo courtesy of Kongsberg Maritime
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 12
HICO Image Processing: Optical Components of a Coastal Scene
Multiple light paths
• Scattering due to:– atmosphere– aerosols– water surface– suspended particles– bottom
• Absorption due to:– atmosphere– aerosols– suspended particles– dissolved matter
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 13
HICO Image Processing Steps
Processing done with Excelis VIS ENVI 4.7 software
Open HICO Level 1b Image with calibrated TOA at-sensor radiances
Recover true at-sensor radiance valuesStep 2
Step 7
Steps 8 - 9
Create GLT + Geolocate + Warp Images
Step 10Clip estuary shapefile to Warped
image
Step 11 Export clipped Rrs data to EXCEL
CDOM Turbidity
TSM Chl a
Step 3
Step 1
Sun glint correction
Cloud removal (if needed)
Step 5 Convert from W/m2/um/sr to uW/cm2/nm/sr
Step 4
Step 6
Offshore pixel subtraction
Convert at-sensor Reflectance to Remote sensing Reflectance
Convert at-sensor Radiance to Reflectance
Determine Mean Solar Irradiance
(F0)
Determine diffuse transmittance from
sun to pixel (t0)
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division
Spectral match-ups between HyperSAS (dotted line) and HICO spectral signature (solid
line).
iss2012016.0116.193730.L1B_PensacolaBay_des.v03.9170.20120117211554.100m.hico.bil
Step 1: Level 1b calibrated radiance Step 4:Offshore pixel subtraction (W/m2/um/sr)
Step 7: Remotely sensed Reflectance (1/sr)
40
5
42
8
45
1
47
4
49
7
52
0
54
3
56
5
58
8
61
1
63
4
65
7
68
0
70
3
72
6
74
9
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010 PB 18: Redfish Cove
Wavelength (nm)
Rrs
(1
/sr)
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 15
405
457
508
560
611
663
714
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
PB06: June 2, 2011
Wavelength (nm)
Rrs
(sr
-1)
405
451
497
543
588
634
680
726
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01 PB 16: June 2, 2011
Wavelength (nm)
Rrs
(sr
-1)
405
451
497
543
588
634
680
726
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008PB 15: June 2, 2011
Wavelength (nm)
Rrs
(sr
-1)
405
451
497
543
588
634
680
726
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01PB04: June 2, 2011
HICO HYPERSASWavelength (nm)
Rrs
(sr
-1)
PB04
PB06
PB16
PB15
Spectral Match-ups
Pensacola Bay, FL
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 16
-0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 0.1500
2
4
6
8
HICO[ (1/Rrs674-1/Rrs703)*Rrs726]
R2 = 0.68
2 4 6 8 10 120
2
4
6
8
10
12
HICO predicted chl a (ug/L)
Mea
sure
d c
hl
a (u
g/L
)
R2 = 0.82RMSE = 1.7 ug/L
Chl a = 19.264 X [a] + 6.614a = [1/Rrs(674) – 1/Rrs(703)]x Rrs(726)
approach of Gitelson et al., 2011
Chl a: indicator of phytoplankton abundance and eutrophication
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 17
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.50.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
HICO NTU
CT
D N
TU
R2 = 0.67RSME = 0.56
NTUn = 14Turbidity = 2*106 X [Rrs(646)2.7848]
0.00300000000000001 0.008000000000000010.10
1.00
10.00
f(x) = 2331783.96372834 x^2.78476076532569R² = 0.715613659173065
HICO Rrs(646)
Tu
rbid
ity
(N
TU
)
approach of Chen et al., 2007
Turbidity is an indicator of the distribution of total suspended matter in estuaries
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 18
Colored Dissolved Organic Matter Absorption: indicator of light attenuation in estuaries
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.50.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
f(x) = 0.8437835694401 x + 0.1959526392878R² = 0.93145970363541
HICO CDOM absorption M
eas.
CD
OM
ab
sorp
tio
n
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.50.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
f(x) = 0.8425805915041 x − 0.0320406194982R² = 0.604219917664767
HICO Rrs(670)/Rrs(490)
ag(4
12)
(1/
m)
ag412 (m-1) = 0.8426 x [Rrs(670)/Rrs(490)] – 0.032
approach of Bowers et al., 2004
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division
HICO/MODIS ComparisonMODIS scene 19:00 GMT, 7 minutes before HICO overpass
Adj R2 = 0.83
HICO scene
Pixels common to both images and used in the match-up
October 28, 2011
HICO and MODIS
image date
Dashed line = HyperSAS Rrs
Dotted line = HICO Rrs at MODIS bandwidths
1:1
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 20
Using atmospherically corrected HICO imagery and a comprehensive field validation program, regionally-tuned algorithms were developed to estimate the spatial distribution of chlorophyll a, colored dissolved organic matter, and turbidity for four estuaries along the northwest coast of Florida from April 2010 – May 2012.
Program Summary
The HICO-derived water quality data from this project have been uploaded to a internal EPA HICO website for review and use by the EPA Office of Water and a prototype mobile application has been completed.
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 21
Conclusions
HICO helped us to show that it is possible for a hyperspectral space-based sensor to produce products that meet the needs of EPA.
While the potential benefits are many, there are several issues that must be resolved before HICO images and data can be incorporated into routine monitoring programs of EPA
• HICO is currently limited to only one image per orbit.
• ISS overpass times are difficult to precisely predict. These uncertainties led to the rescheduling of planned image acquisitions which at times impacted the effective deployment of crews for field validation activities.
HICO has the potential to be a valuable monitoring tool, if transitioned to a constellation of sensors.
Office of Research and DevelopmentFull Name of Lab, Center, Office, Division or Staff goes here. <Go to View, Master, Slide Master to change>Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory/ Atlantic Ecology Division 22
Special Thanks to:
Crews on ISS Expeditions 24 - 31 Naval Research Laboratory Remote Sensing Division
Oregon State UniversityNASA ISS Program
American Astronautical Societyand
EPA Office of Research and DevelopmentEPA Pathfinder Innovation Program (Grant 2011)
EPA Safe and Sustainable Waters Research Program