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1983 1984 (A/39/422 A/40/493 1 2) 38/112
39/133 .
The Commission, in its resolution 1984/28, adopted at the same session, inter alia appealed to
all states, appropriate organs of the United Nations, specialized agencies and
intergovernmental organizations concerned to take the necessary measures to ensure that the
results of scientific and technological progress are used exclusively in the interests of
international peace, for the benefit of mankind and for promoting and encouraging universal
respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Pursuant to its decision 1983/108, by which the Commission on Human Rights decided to
consider the item "Human Rights and Scientific and Technological Developments" on a
biennial basis, the Commission did not consider that item at its forty-first session, in 1985.
At its forty-second session, after consideration of the question of scientific and technologicaldevelopments and human rights, the Commission, having expressed its conviction that
implementation of the Declaration on the Use of Scientific and Technological Progress in the
Interests of Peace and for the Benefit of Mankind by all States would contribute to the
strengthening of international peace and security, the economic and social development of
peoples, and international co-operation in the field of human rights, stressed the importance,
for the promotion of the exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms under conditions
of scientific and technological progress, of the implementation by all states of the provisions
and principles contained in the Declaration.
The Commission on Human Rights, in its resolution 1986/10 entitled "Human Rights and
Scientific and Technological Developments," also reaffirmed that all peoples and allindividuals have an inherent right to life and that the safeguarding of this cardinal right is an
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essential condition for the enjoyment of the entire range of economic, social, and cultural, as
well as civil and political rights and requested the Secretary-General, in the light of the
comments and views of Member States, to submit the report on the implementation of this
resolution to the Commission at its forty-fourth session in 1988.
Outline of Studies and Reports
During the period between 1971 and 1976, a number of valuable reports on various aspects of
human rights and technological developments were prepared by the Secretary-General and
the specialized agencies concerned. The major reports of this period were the following:
1. The report on respect for the privacy of individuals and the integrity and sovereignty of
nations in the light of advances in recording and other techniques (E/CN.4/1116 and Add 1-3
and Add 3/Corr 1 and Add 4). This report deals with beneficial uses of new devices and
methods of auditory and visual surveillance, personality assessment techniques ("personality
tests"), polygraphs ("lie detectors"), narco-analysis, certain blood, breath, and other bodily
tests for non-medical purposes, and communication and observation satellites.
2. The report on uses of electronics which may affect the rights of the person and the limits
which should be placed on such uses in a democratic society (E/ CN.4/1142 and Add 1 and
2). It deals with beneficial uses of computerized data systems, benefits derived from
computers in various areas of their use, beneficial applications of electronic automation fromthe point of view of human rights, and benefits derived from electronic communications
techniques in various fields of their application.
3. The report on protection of the human personality and its physical and intellectual
integrity, in the light of advances in biology, medicine, and biochemistry (E/CN.4/1172 and
Corr 1 and Add 1-3). This report deals with the beneficial use of artificial insemination,
psychotropic drugs, procedures of pre-natal diagnosis, and chemicals introduced into food
production, processing, packaging, and storage.
4. Reports on the impact of scientific and technological developments on economic, social,
and cultural rights, which deal with the use in the modern world of scientific and
technological progress to increase the availability and improve the quality of food and
clothing. These reports also contain information concerning the realization of the rights to
food, clothing, just and favourable remuneration, equal pay for equal work, housing, rest and
leisure, and social security under conditions of scientific and technological progress (E/CN.4/
1084, E/CN.4/1115, E/CN.4/1141 and E/CN.4/1198).
5. The report on protection of broad sectors of the population against social and material
inequalities, as well as other harmful effects which may arise from the rise of scientific and
technological developments (A/10146). This report deals with the harmful effects of
automation and mechanization of production, deterioration of the human environment, the
population explosion, and the hazards arising from the increasingly destructive power of
modern weapons and from atomic radiation.
6. , ,
(E/CN.4/1199 1 ) . 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11:
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12 11 , 1980 (XXXIII) Joinet
, the Sub-Commission decided,in accordance with the wish expressed by the Commission on Human Rights in its resolution
10B (XXXIII), to submit Mr Joinet's report to the Commission at its fortieth session for
whatever action it deemed appropriate.
At its thirty-seventh session in 1984, the Sub-Commission endorsed the conclusion of the
study of the relevant guidelines in the field of computerized personal files prepared by Mr
Joinet and requested the Secretary-General to transmit to Member States and all relevant
international organizations the provisional guidelines in the field of computerized personal
files, inviting them to transmit their views thereon. 32
At its thirty-eighth session in 1985, the Sub-Commission had before it a revised report by Mr
Joinet. 33 Holding the view that, for the purpose of effectiveness, governments should be
consulted more widely on the revised draft guidelines, the Sub-Commission requested the
Secretary-General to continue to obtain the comments and suggestions of governments on therevised guidelines and to render the Special Rapporteur all the assistance he needed in
submitting the final report on guidelines to the Sub-Commission at its fortieth session. 34
By successive notes verbales of 18 November 1985 and 29 April 1987, the Secretary-General
accordingly requested the governments to submit comments and suggestions.
1988 40 , - (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/22)
. The purpose of the report was (1) to identify the main trends emergingfrom comments made by the members of the Sub-Commission during the discussion of the
interim report (E/CN.41Sub.2/1985/21), as well as from the analysis of the answers received;and (2) to submit, for the approval of the Sub-Commission, the revised final draft guidelines
with a view to their transmission to the Commission on Human Rights. The Special
Rapporteur noted that the list of answers received showed the increasing interest of United
Nations organs and specialized agencies in the draft guidelines, due, it would seem, to the
number of personal files they were keeping.
The Sub-Commission, by resolution 1988/29, welcomed the recommendations contained in
the report, in particular the draft guidelines applicable to computerized personal data files,
and decided to forward them to the General Assembly through the Commission on Human
Rights and the Economic and Social Council. The draft guidelines contain provisionsconcerning the principle of lawfulness and fairness, the principle of accuracy, the principle of
nondiscrimination, supervision and penalties, etc. The Special Rapporteur in his report
recognized "a consensus [emerging] from the comments received on the desirability of
encouraging the formulation of guidelines in this area, both for member states wishing to
adopt domestic legislation and for international, organizations and agencies in respect of the
status of their own personal files."
In 1989, the Commission, by resolution 1989/43, forwarded the report to the Economic and
Social Council.
Further Studies
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Pursuant to Commission resolution 1984/27, the Sub-Commission, at its thirty-seventh
session, considered areas in which further study would be desirable and adopted resolutions
1984/17 and 1984/18. By these resolutions, the Sub-Commission recommended, through the
Commission, to the Economic and Social Council, to entrust the Sub-Commission to
undertake a study on the current dimensions and problems arising from unlawful human
experimentation and a study on the implications for human rights of recent advances incomputer and microcomputer technology.
The Commission on Human Rights, at its forty-first session, determined by its decision
1985/104 to request the Sub-Commission to reconsider the studies mentioned, with a view to
integrating them in the work already being undertaken in the Commission and the Sub-
Commission under the agenda item "Human Rights and Scientific and Technological
Developments."
By its resolution 1984/29, the Commission reiterated its request to the Sub-Commission to
undertake as a matter of priority a study on the use of the achievements of scientific and
technological progress to ensure the right to work and development. 35
Another study, which the Commission requested the Sub-Commission to carry out by its
resolution 1982/27 of 19 February 1982, concerns the negative consequences of the arms race
for the implementation of economic, social, and cultural, as well as civil and political rights,
the establishment of the new international economic order, and, above all, the inherent right
to life.
At its thirty-eighth session in 1985, the Sub-Commission adopted resolution 1985/7
concerning hazardous processes, products, and technologies. By this resolution, the Sub-
Commission, bearing in mind that the of scientific and technological development on human
rights have both beneficial and harmful aspects, and therefore must be examined in their
totality, and recognizing that inadequate information and the absence of uniform protection
and safety measures with regard to the potential dangers of the application of hazardous
technologies result in a grave threat to the right to health and to life, requested, inter alia, all
transnational corporations and enterprises to disclose all the information at their disposal
regarding the hazards to human lives of their processes, products, and technologies to
governments, employees, consumers, and the general public. 36
The General Assembly, by resolution 42/183 of 11 December 1987, requested the Secretary-
General to prepare a comprehensive report on the question of illegal traffic in toxic and
dangerous products and wastes for submission to the General Assembly at its forty-forthsession in 1989 and to have a preliminary report on the question submitted to the Economic
and Social Council at its second regular session of 1988. The report was submitted to the
Council as document E/1988/ 72. In 1988 the Sub-Commission noted that the report drew
attention to the increased traffic in toxic and dangerous products and wastes, especially from
the developed countries to the developing countries, and recommended that the Commission
adopt a resolution (1989/42) on the movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous products
and wastes. The Commission subsequently endorsed this recommendation.
OBSERVATIONS ON PAST DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD AND DIRECTIONS FOR
THE FUTURE
Positive and Negative Aspects
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We have seen that a great many efforts have been made, including the preparation of a series
of studies by various United Nations human rights bodies, to examine both the positive and
negative aspects of scientific and technological developments on human rights and to identify
the main issues in this field.
Before proceeding further, it might be appropriate to introduce the summary of conclusionsdrawn from the studies prepared by the Secretary-General between 1973 and 1976, which
appear in "Human Rights and Scientific and Technological Developments" of 1982. 37
The main conclusions that can be drawn from the many aspects of the question of human
rights and scientific and technological developments that have been discussed in these
chapters are the following:
1. Science being itself a part of culture, the essential problem facing mankind in relation to
scientific and technological progress, on the one hand, and the intellectual, spiritual, cultural,
and moral advancement of humanity, on the other, is to decide on the appropriate two-way
relationship which should exist between them. This relationship is not the same for all timesor all places.
2. An investigation of this relationship includes an examination of the impact, both beneficial
and harmful' of recent scientific and technological developments upon the rights laid down in
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Such impact affects many such rights, eitherindividually or in combination.
3. The application of policies and measures appropriate to the circumstances is an aspect of
achieving the correct relationship between scientific and technological progress and the
intellectual, spiritual, cultural, and moral advancement of humanity.
4. Educational policies should aim at a better understanding of science on the part of the
general public and a better understanding of the humanities and the needs of society on the
part of scientists.
5. Many and varied measures have been taken on the national level for the protection of
human rights against threats posed by recent scientific and technological developments.
Nevertheless, there is a growing conviction that there is need for continuing technology
assessment on the national level in order to assess possible side-effects and longrange effects
of new innovations and to establish whether their advantages outweigh the discernible
disadvantages, and for control over innovations with harmful potentialities.
6. The positive uses of modern science and technology for the promotion of human rights are
potentially vast, but their exploitation depends upon the laying down of appropriate science
policies on the national level and the creation of machinery to carry out those policies Such
machinery need not be separate from that set up for technology assessment as envisaged in
paragraph 5 above.
7. On the international Ievel, in addition to the possibility of setting international standards
relating to specific aspects of human rights and scientific and technological developments,
there have been proposals for a general Declaration on Human Rights and Scientific and
Technological Developments. There are many existing texts which could be taken intoaccount in drafting such a Declaration.
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8. There have also been a number of proposals for technology assessment on the
international Ievel. The reasons given for the establishment of machinery for such assessment
have been essentially the same as those given in relation to assessment on the national level,
except that greater stress has been placed on problems of an international nature, including
the prevention of threats to human rights on an international scale and the use of science and
technology for the benefit of mankind.
In considering the relationship between scientific and technological developments and human
rights, it should not be forgotten that the former does not necessarily constitute a prerequisite
for a guarantee of the latter. 38 On this point, the representative of the Federal Republic of
Germany submits that "Scientific and technological progress is neither of intrinsic value nor
to be evaluated externally, but is to be judged according to the contributions it is able to make
for the well being and dignity of the individual, for freedom and the peaceful community of
nations. " 39
In other words, science and technology have no limits and they will continue to develop in
the future with or without our full-hearted support, and these scientific and technologicalprocesses are going to have their effect on human rights.
The main question is how to utilize scientific and technological developments wisely and
properly for the benefit of human rights.
In the recent discussion on scientific and technological developments and human rights, it has
been pointed out by a number of speakers and observers that the United Nations bodies have
mainly been studying the negative nature of any developments and not fully examining their
positive aspects 40 This observation is quite correct as far as the topics of previous studies and
resolutions adopted are concerned However, this observation needs further clarification and
explanation
It is true that the examination, discussion, studies, and research carried out by United Nations
human rights bodies should not simply be restricted to analysing the problems; efforts should
also be made to seek effective guidelines to secure and safeguard the beneficial usage of
scientific and technological developments for the promotion and protection of human rights.
However, inevitably in this field, the United Nations had to start examining the issues by
identifying the problems at the beginning rather than making efforts to seek guidelines or
policy recommendations immediately.
In this connection we should note with interest the statement made by Mr Louis Joinet, whenhe introduced the progress report on relevant guidelines in the field of computerized personal
files, particularly as they affect the privacy of the individual, at the thirty-fourth session of the
Sub-Commission.
The study was not designed to analyse the problem in all its aspects, but to examine
guidelines which might be taken into account in an international instrument, with due regard
for the many studies that had already been made, particularly the Report of the Secretary-
General on Human Rights and Scientific and Technological Developments (E/CN.4/1142),
which was still relevant and very topical. 41
The author's interpretation of this statement is that the report by the Secretary-General onHuman Rights and Scientific and Technological Developments 42 had already dealt with,
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inter alia , beneficial uses of computerized data systems and benefits derived from computers
in various areas of their use, and had basically analysed the phenomenon, and the report
presented to the Sub-Commission by Mr Joinet was to focus on how to secure benefits from
scientific and technological developments.
Therefore, it is clearly of extreme importance that scientific and technological activitiesshould be guided in such a direction that maximum advantage and minimum disadvantage
would result for the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
In their examination of the relationship between Human Rights and Scientific and
Technological Developments, the General Assembly, the Commission on Human Rights and
the Sub-Commission have adopted innumerable resolutions and have prepared a considerable
number of studies. It is generally submitted that, so far, most of them fall into the following
three categories:
1. Peace, security and disarmament.
2. Transfer of science and technology for effective development of the developing world.
3. So-called "negative aspects of scientific and technological developments," including
"computerized personal files and privacy" and "human rights of the mentally ill."
Whilst the author of the present article recognizes the importance of the work undertaken to
date, he would also like to emphasize the need for guidelines and rules of conduct or policy
recommendations in scientific and technological activities. Or, more precisely, he considers it
important that the effective implementation of the existing human rights standards and
international law should be recognized in scientific and technological activities and policy-
making.
Science and Technology and Human Rights Standards
There is little doubt that scientific and technological developments are the products of
scientific and technological activities by human beings. If this is so, it is self-explanatory that
those activities should he guided by the existing universally recognized human rights
standards and framework of international law.
Ziman, Sieghard, and Humphrey, in their book entitled The World of Science and the Rule of
Law ,43
touch upon this point, stating that:
Science is not a disembodied activity, it is a human enterprise, conducted by human beings
interacting in a complex social network with each other, and with the societies in which they
work. And whatever may have been the case about human rights in the past, today they have
acquired a sharply defined and objective framework in which can be set the performance of
many human enterprises, including the pursuit of science.
Discussion of the need for guidelines has also been touched upon by the group of experts on
the question of "the balance which should be established between scientific and technological
progress and the intellectual, spiritual, cultural and moral advancement of humanity. " 44 The
following quotation is from the conclusions and recommendations section of their report:
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3. A thorough revision of education at all levels is required to bring about a sufficient
harmony of science and technology with other human activities. Science and technology must
be taught in the context of the ascent of Man, not primarily as potential contributors to the
disruption of society or the depersonalization of individual lives. A proper understanding of
science and its impact on society is essential for dealing adequately with the evolving
problems of civilization.
4. Not every change or development that science and technology make feasible needs to
become an actuality. Governments and societies must determine by appropriate mechanisms
for technological assessment - including the assessment of possible side-effects and long-
range effects - whether the time is right for particular innovations and whether their
advantages outweigh for the society the discernible disadvantages. International machinery
should be entrusted with such a technological assessment for man kind as a whole. It is a
basic human right to have a voice in such decisions. Decisions in such matters must be made
on the basis of the considered opinion of bodies of experts and laymen who represent the
interests of all the people as well as of future generations.
5. With these ideas in mind, and taking into account the necessity for keeping under constant
review the promotion and protection of human rights in the light of rapid scientific and
technological developments, the Group recommends that consideration be given to the
possibility of drafting a declaration on human rights and scientific and technological
developments.
6. It is recommended that a better definition be given of the duties of the individual to the
community and of the right of future generations. For example, it seems to us that the crisis in
growth of the world's population must lead to some constraint on the individual right to
reproduce, and that the right of the child to be born physically and mentally sound takes
precedence over the rights of parents to reproduce.
Concerning this idea of drafting a declaration on human rights and scientific and
technological developments, the Federal Republic of Germany states the following: 45
Concerning the proposal for a declaration on "human rights and scientific and technological
developments," the human rights contained in the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights should first be examined to see whether these do not constitute sufficient
guidelines on scientific and technological progress. The field of human rights is characterized
more by a lack of implementation than by a lack of legal norms. What is important basically
is to improve the instruments for implementation and thereby provide greater protection forhuman rights.
In this connection, it must be ensured that the institution of "human rights" will not, by the
inclusion of global dangers for humanity, be expanded to a point of endangering what has
already been attained in the field of human rights protection.
With regard to the creation of a new international institution to deal with questions as to what
extent negative influences on human rights protection should be tolerated in order to enjoy
the benefits of scientific and technological progress we would refer to existing United
Nations bodies (the Commission on Human Rights and the Human Rights Committee). The
strengthening and optimal efficiency of these bodies must be the aim of the human rightsdiscussion and activities.
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Another recommendation of the group of experts is to arrive at an improved definition of the
duties of the individual towards society and the rights of future generations exceeds the scope
of human rights.
Concerning the freedom of information and free flow of information for the beneficial use of
scientific and technological developments, it is interesting to note the efforts of the UnitedNations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization 51 and the International Social
Science Council, a non-governmental organization, 52 in this field. 53
In March 1985, the International Social Science Council held an international symposium at
Barcelona to consider the challenges to human rights posed by scientific and technological
progress. Scholars in the field of anthropology, biochemistry, biology, brain research,
clinical, experimental and physiological psychology, genetics, law, mental health,
neuroscience, pharmacology, and psychiatry attended the symposium and contributed papers
on a variety of scientific subjects, with particular reference to their impact on human rights.
Special attention was paid to the human rights set forth in Articles 5 (the right to be free from
torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment), 26 (the right to education), and 27 (theright to enjoy cultural life) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; in Articles 12(1)
(the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health), 13(1) (the
right to education) and 15(1) (the rights to take part in cultural life, to enjoy the benefits of
scientific progress and its applications, and to benefit from the protection of the moral and
material interests resulting from any scientific, literary, or artistic production) of the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; and in Article 7 (the right to
be free from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment) of the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights.
The participants at the symposium agreed that it was important that Unesco should educate
the general public not only regarding the application of scientific discoveries for the benefit
of human rights, but also on the potential danger to human rights of withholding or abuse of
scientific discoveries. It was recognized that that would only be possible if the general public
had a sound basic education in the behavioural and social sciences, which would allow it to
appreciate the benefits of science.
Consequently, it was decided to create a network of scientists concerned with human rights
issues, who would exchange information on ways of promoting human rights in their research
activities.
The symposium made five priority recommendations to Unesco, that it should:
1. Seek the broadest possible worldwide applications of tested scientific advances and
promote scientific contributions to human rights.
2. Encourage scientists to become aware of human rights issues.
3. Pay special attention to the impact of new technologies on the human rights of women,
particularly with respect to the productive processes.
4. Give special priority to the human rights of patients, a particularly vulnerable group.
5. Develop standards for the use of neuropathetic drugs.
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It further recommended that experts in neuroscience and the behavioural disciplines should
be consulted when determining policies and administering programmes in education and
health.
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. In fact, most developing, and in some fields even a number of developedcountries, must rely on foreign expertise if they want to assess a technology or product, and
since it is in the financial interest of foreign exporters - who come usually from developed but
also from some developing countries - to show their otherwise polluting technology or
unhealthy product in the best possible light, it happens that the experts asked to give their
judgement are not always unbiased or entirely free of the possibility of bribery. One of theroles of international organizations, especially those belonging to the UN system, is to take
7/27/2019 Human Rights and Scientific and Technological Development(Sheetal Baghel) Importent
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part in the process of assessment, as well as to provide interested countries on request with all
needed expertise for their development in science and technology and for environmental
protection, in an impartial and professional way.
HUMANITARIAN LAW
The role of humanitarian law, as another autonomous branch of international law (much
older, incidentally, than human rights law), should be given due regard. We share the opinion
that "the links between human rights and humanitarian law are real and growing stronger." 39
In certain circumstances these two complementary, although still distinct, systems become
"convergent and perhaps interpenetrating." 40 It is a fact that the International Committee of
the Red Cross and the national societies of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, as well as the
Henry Dunant Institute, are increasingly active in the field of human rights, not only in armed
conflict but in areas such as health, education, the protection of victims of natural disasters,
and the protection of the environment.
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1. 1986/9
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1983/41 9 1984 1983 1984/12 27,
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26 2012 | EN |ES |FR|
/ IntelFreePress
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