Human Geography

Jerome D. FellmannArthur GetisJudith Getis

Chapter Ten

Patterns of Development and Change

How to Classify Countries?

• Rich, Poor• Developed, Undeveloped

(Underdeveloped?)• Industrialized, Newly Industrialized,

Emerging• First World, Second World, Third

World• North, South (Brandt Report, 1980)

Ind. Commission on International Development Issues (Brandt Report)

The Wealth of Nations

Development as a Cultural Variable• Distinctions within countries

– All areas of a country may not be as developed

– Urban areas may be very developed, while rural areas may be very underdeveloped

• Distinctions between countries– Who is progressing and who isn’t?– Very broad categories

Dividing the Continuum: Definitions of Development• Explanations of Underdevelopment

– Geographic destiny?– Environmental Determinism?

• The Core-Periphery Argument– World-Systems Theory

Economic Measures of Development• The Diffusion of Technology• Gross National Product and PPP Per

Capita• Energy Consumption Per Capita• Percentage of the Workforce

Engaged in Agriculture– Landlessness

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

•IMF/World Bank, 1993

•By 2020, the “rich world’s” share of global output to 40%

Economic Measures of Development (cont.)• Poverty, Calories, and Nutrition• Composite Assessment of

Economic Development• A Model for Economic

Development

Stages of Growth (Rostow, 1960)1. Traditional Societies2. Preconditions for Takeoff

• Political organization, infrastructure growth

3. Takeoff• Investment, resource devlp., econ. Growth

4. Drive to Maturity• Modern technology, self-sufficient economy

5. Age of Mass Consumption• Tertiary sector big, consumption above

basic needs

6. Post-Industrial (new category)

Noneconomic Measures of Development• Education• Public Services• Health

Aggregate Measures of Development and Well-Being• Comparative Statistics• Individual and Collective Well-Being• Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)

– Overseas Development Council– Infant Mortality, Life Expectancy, Literacy

used

• Happiness Index (see p.382)• UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI)

– Purchasing Power, Life Expectancy, Literacy

The Role of Women

• Gender• Roles of Women in Different

Countries