© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Human Communication

Judy C. PearsonPaul E. Nelson

Scott TitsworthLynn Harter

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© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

PART ONE

Fundamentals of Communication Studies

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• Chapter Summary

Human Communication: The Essentials

• Communication is Essential• Communication: The Process of Exchanging

Meaning• Communication Principles• Components of Communication• How Does Communication Occur?• What are Communication Contexts?• What are the Goals of Communication Study?

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1CHAPTER

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• Studying communication can...

Communication is Essential

• Improve the way you see yourself• Improve the way others see you• Increase what you know about human

relationships

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Continued...

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• Studying communication can...

Communication is Essential

• Teach you important life skills• Help you exercise your constitutionally

guaranteed freedom of speech• Help you succeed professionally

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Communication: the Process of Exchanging Meaning

• Communication is the process by which meaning is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, and behavior.

• Communication is considered a process because it is an activity, an exchange, or a set of behaviors that occurs over time--it is not an unchanging product.

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Communication: the Process of Exchanging Meaning

• Meaning is the shared understanding of the message constructed in the minds of the communicators.

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Communication Principles

“Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he [or she] is the center.”

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• Communication Begins with the Self

Continued...

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Communication Principles

• Barnlund’s six-person concept:1. How you view yourself2. How you view the other person.3 How you believe the other person views you.4. How the other person views himself or herself.5. How the other person views you.6. How the other person believes you view him or her.

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• Communication Begins with the Self

Continued...

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Communication Principles

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Figure 1.1: Barnlund’s “six people” involved in every two-person communication.

Insert Figure 1.1 Here

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Communication Principles

• A dialogue is the act of taking part in a conversation, discussion, or negotiation.

• The competent communicator considers the other person’s needs and expectations.

• Communication begins with the self, as define largely by others, and involves others, as defined largely by the self.

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• Communication Involves Others

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Communication Principles

• Communication involves choices about the multiple aspects of the message:

--verbal, nonverbal, and behavioral aspects, --choices surrounding transmission channels used--characteristics of the speaker--relationship between speaker and audience--characteristics of the audience--the situation in which the communication occurs

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• Communication is Complicated

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Communication Principles

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• An Increased Quantity of Communication Does Not Increase the Quality of Communciation

• “Communication is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable”

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Components of Communication

• The source initiates the message• The receiver is the intended target of the message

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• People

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Components of Communication

• The message is the verbal and nonverbal form of the idea, thought, or feeling that one person (the source) wishes to communicate to another person or group of people (the receiver).

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• Message

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Components of Communication

• The channel is the means by which a message moves from the source to the receiver of the message.

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• Channel

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Components of Communication

• Feedback is the receiver’s verbal and nonverbal response to the source’s message.

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• Feedback

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Components of Communication

• A code is a systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meanings in the mind of another person or persons.

--Syntax are rules of arrangement of code.

--Grammar are rules of function of code.• Verbal and nonverbal codes are the two types

of codes used in communication.

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• Code

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Components of Communication

• Encoding is the act of putting an idea or a thought into a code.

• Decoding is assigning meaning to that idea or thought.

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• Encoding and Decoding

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Components of Communication

• Noise is any interference in the encoding and decoding processes that reduces the clarity of a message.

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• Noise

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How Does Communication Occur?

• The Action Model• The Interaction Model• The Transaction Model• The Constructivist Model

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How Does Communication Occur?

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Figure 1.2: Perspectives on communication.

Insert Figure 1.2 Here

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What Are Communication Contexts?

• Intrapersonal Communication• Interpersonal Communication• Public Communication• Mass Communication

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What Are Communication Contexts?

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Table 1.1: Differences Among Communication Contexts.

Insert Table 1.1 Here

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What Are The Goals of Communication Study?

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• Effective Communications• Ethical Communication• The Nine Commandments of

Communication Ethics