Human Body

Systems Part 2

Fun Facts about… the Excretory System

• Your kidneys filter all your blood every 45 minutes

• In one day, 440 gallons of blood flow through the kidneys.

• There are 1 million nephrons in a kidney that are responsible for filtering blood.

• You excrete between 1 and 1.5 liters of urine each day.

Why is it important?• Regulates water

content of blood

• Regulates blood volume

• Maintains blood pH

• Removes waste products from blood

Kidneys

• Located on either side of the spinal column near the lower back

•Responsible for filtering blood

Functional Unit of the Kidneys

NEPHRON•Each nephron has its own blood supply

•As blood enters a nephron, impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct. The purified blood then exits the nephron.

How does a nephron work?

• Filtration– Process of

removing wastes from the blood• Water• Urea• Glucose• Salt• Amino acids• Some vitamins

• Reabsorption– Process in which

liquid is taken back into the blood

– Remaining materialUrine

– Urea– Excess salt– About 1% of the

filtered water

Dialysis

From the kidneys…• The URINE moves

through a URETER– A tube connecting the

kidney to the bladder

• To the URINARY BLADDER– A saclike organ that

stores the urine

• Before being excreted through the URETHRA

STEP 2

STEP 3

STEP 4

Name That Part!

KIDNEY

URETER

BladderUrethra

Female Reproductive System

FUNCTIONS1.To produce sex cells (eggs)

2.Nourish and protect the embryo (fertilized egg/growing child)

Female Reproductive Structures• VAGINA- stretchy,

muscular tube; sometimes called the birth canal. Used in intercourse.

• UTERUS- holds and nourishes growing embryo. Made of muscle for contractions to push the baby out. Lines itself with blood– Menstrual cycle-

bleeding from the uterus. Every 28 days

Female Reproductive Structures

• OVARIES- produce , store and release eggs

• FALLOPIAN TUBE- catches the released egg and pushes the egg toward the uterus (fertilization takes place here)

• OVULATION- maturation and release of an egg

Male Reproductive System

FUNCTIONS:

1.To make sperm

2.To deliver sperm to the fallopian tube

Male Reproductive Structures

• Penis- an organ made of spongy tissue; used in excretion and intercourse

• Scrotum- saclike structure that holds the epididymis and testes

• Testicles-make sperm produces testosterone

Male Reproductive Structures

• Sperm-sex cells

• Vas Deferens- thin tube that carries the sperm from the testes to the urethra

• Semen- fluid sperm swim in

Fertilization and Embryonic/FetalDevelopme

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Fun Facts about…the Respiratory System

• We breathe about 9 to 20 times every minute.

• The fastest sneeze on record was 102 miles per hour in speed.

• Hiccups are caused by a spasm or sudden movement in your diaphragm.

Respiratory System•Function: to

bring about the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, the air, and tissues.

The Path of Air

• Air moves through the NOSE to a tube in the back of the mouth called the PHARYNX.

– To keep the lungs healthy, the air must be:

•Filtered•Moistened•Warmed

The Path of Air

• From the PHARYNX air passes into the TRACHEA

• The air then moves into two passageways called BRONCHI

• Each BRONCHUS leads into a LUNG

In the Lungs

• The lungs are made of tiny air sacs called ALVEOLI

• Capillaries surround each ALVEOLI enabling gas exchange to take place

Diaphragm and Breathing

Fun Facts about… the Circulatory System

• One drop of blood has about 5 million red blood cells and 12,000 white blood cells.

• Blood circulates the entire body in 20 seconds.

• The heartbeats about 30 million times in 365 days.

• An average adult's body has about 5 liters of blood.

Circulatory System

• FUNCTION: circulates blood within a system of vessels to transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste products

• STRUCTURES: heart, series of blood vessels, and blood

Heart

• Made up of cardiac muscle

• Four chambers (left and right ventricle, left and right atrium)

• Valves stop the backflow of blood

• Pumps blood throughout the body

3 Types of Blood Vessels

1. Arteries-carry blood away from heart (oxygenated)

2. Veins-carry blood to heart (de-oxygenated)

3. Capillaries-gas exchange occurs

Blood

• Human body contains 4-6 liters of blood• 45% - cells (red and white blood cells, platelets)

– Red : contains hemoglobin (carries oxygen)– White : Fights pathogens– Platelets : clot

• 55% - plasma (mostly water; contains dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products, and proteins)

Lymphatic System

• Function: A network of vessels, nodes, and organs that collects fluid (lymph) that is lost by the blood and returns it back to the circulatory system.

Fun Facts about… the Endocrine System

• It contains 30 hormones that are responsible for regulating different body processes.

• Your mood is largely influenced by the Endocrine System.

• A guy’s voice change is brought on by your endocrine system.

• Your height is influenced by inherited genes and hormones.

Endocrine System

• Made up of glands that release products that deliver messages into bloodstream.

• These chemical products are called hormones.

Glands:– Exocrine: release secretion through ducts

directly to the organs that use them. Ex: Sweat, tears, digestive juices

• Sweat is used to maintain homeostasis

– Endocrine: release hormones directly into bloodstream. NO DUCTS

Hormones

Definition: Chemicals released in one part of the body that travels through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body

•The body’s responses to hormones are slower and longer-lasting than signals from the nervous system.

– It may take several minutes, hours, or even days before the hormone takes full effect.

Endocrine Glands

What gland controls what?

• Pituitary: controls the actions of the other endocrine glands

• Hypothalamus: controls pituitary gland• Thyroid: body’s metabolism• Parathyroid: calcium levels in the blood• Adrenal: help body deal with stress• Pancreas: maintain blood glucose levels• Ovaries: produce eggs• Testes: produce sperm

AIDS

• Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome– HIV spreads through the body by replicating

inside immune cells (helper T cells)– NO CURE– Can be contracted by:

• Sex with infected person• Sharing needles with infected person• Contact with blood of infected person• An infected mother to child during pregnancy,

birth, or breast-feeding