MENTAL ILLNESSHSP

Definition

Mental Illness is a disturbance in thoughts and emotions that decreases a person’s capacity to cope with the challenges of everyday life

Frances Galton Quote

“If genius means a sense of inspiration, or rushes of ideas from apparently supernatural sources, or of an inordinate and burning desire to accomplish any particular end, it is perilously near to the voices heard by the insane, their delirious tendencies… it cannot in such cases be a healthy facility, nor can it be desirable to perpetuate it by an inheritance”From Hereditary Genius, 1869

Changing Views of Mental Illness -Middle Ages

Belief: abnormal behaviour caused by evil spirits in the body

Treatment: exorcism used at religious ceremonies to cast out evil spirits ; praying, fasting, witch hunts

18th Century

Belief: those who behaved abnormally should be removed from society

Treatment: confined to asylums and kept in chains

19th Century

Belief: those who have serious mental disorders should be confined to institutions where they could receive treatment, less serious disorders treated on an “outpatient” basis

Treatment: solitary confinement, psychotherapy

20th Century

Belief: many people with mental illness can be treated successfully and live normal lives

Treatment: drug treatment, psychotherapy, counseling, treat as “outpatients” wherever possible, integration in society and living as normal a life as possible is the goal

Factors That May Contribute to the Development of Mental Illness

brain chemistry

heredity

traumatic life events

substance abuse (may bring it out but seldom causes it)

Mental Health Statistics for Ontario

22% of Ontarians have experienced at least one mental health problem in their lifetime

women are more likely than men to experience a mental health problem, particularly depression or anxiety

27% of Ontarians have anxiety issues

older people experience depression more often than younger people

mental disorders such as depression are more common amongst older people than younger people

31% of 15 – 24 year-olds have experienced a mental health issue (one-third of this class can expect to)

Mental illness affects people of all ages, educational and income levels, and cultures.

What is the DSM–IV?• Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders, 4th Edition

• Used for the diagnosis and classification of psychological disorders

• First edition published in 1952

• Replaced the old classification system of

‘neurosis’- for minor mental disorders and ‘psychosis’- for serious disorders

Defining Mental Disorder

No Mild Moderate Severe

Disorder Disorder Disorder Disorder

Defining Mental Disorder

• Three symptoms of serious mental disorder:–Hallucinations: false sensory experiences–Delusions: disorders of logical thinking–Affective Disturbances: inappropriately

strong or absent emotional response

Types of Mental Disorders

1) Personality Disorders

2) Anxiety Disorders

3) Mood Disorders

4) Eating Disorders

5) Substance Abuse Disorders

Types and Numbers

Personality Disorders

•Marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause distress or impaired social functioning.

•Usually emerge during childhood/adolescence

•Types include; Paranoid, Schizoid, Antisocial, Borderline, Narcissistic, Histrionic, Avoidant, Dependent

Antisocial Personality

• Show a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of other people’s rights.

• Up to 3.5% [of North Americans] manifest an antisocial personality disorder (APA, 1994)

• Symptoms: Repeatedly deceitful, irresponsible with money, impulsive, tendency to start fights, egocentric, no regard for safety of self or others.

Antisocial Personality • Tend to be skillful at manipulating people.

• Are not distressed by the pain they cause, often perceived as lacking any moral conscience.

“They glibly rationalize their actions by characterizing their victims as weak and deserving of being conned or stolen from…” (Comer, 1997)

• severe cases aka ‘sociopathic’

Really severe anti-socials- aka psychopaths

Borderline Personality • Characterized by mood shifts,

unstable self-image, and impulsivity.

• 2% of the population suffer from Borderline personality disorder (APA, 1994).

• Symptoms: Intense, conflict filled relationships, overstep relationship boundaries, fear of desertion, suicidal thoughts, self-mutilation, emptiness, boredom, confusion about identity.

Anxiety Disorders

1) Generalized Anxiety Disorder

2) Phobias

3) Panic Disorder

4) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

5) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

• General “free floating” anxiety about everything

• 3.8% of the population exhibit symptoms (APA, 1994).

• Symptoms: Restlessness, Quick to Fatigue, Trouble Concentrating, Irritability, Muscle Tension, Sleep Problems.

Phobia

• Persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object

• 10-11% of the U.S. population exhibit symptoms (Magee et al., 1996).

• Common Phobias: Heights, Death, Snakes, Interacting with others, Crowds, injections, doctors, spiders, flying.

Panic Disorders

• Periodic, discrete bouts of panic that occur abruptly and peak within 10 minutes

• 2.3 % of the population suffer from Panic Disorder (Weissman et al., 1997)

• Symptoms: Palpitations of the heart, shortness of breath, chest pains, choking sensation, faintness, dizziness

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Obsession – Persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that invade consciousness

Compulsion – Repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that a person feels compelled to perform to reduce distress

2% of the population suffer from OCD (APA, 1994).

PTSD

• Distinct patterns of behavior that arise in reaction to a psychologically traumatic event.

• 7.8% of population will experience at least one episode in their lifetime

• Symptoms: Re-experiencing traumatic event, avoidance, reduced responsiveness, increased arousal (anxiety/guilt)

Mood Disorders

1) Unipolar depression

2) Bipolar Depression

Unipolar Depression

• Severe, long lasting, and debilitating sadness.

• 5-10% of the population experiences clinical depression in a given year (Kessler et al, 1994)

• Symptoms: Feelings of sadness, loss of sense of humor, lack of drive, suicidal thoughts, anxiety, staying in bed, easily distracted

Bipolar Depression

• Depressive episodes followed by manic episodes.

• Mania – dramatic and inappropriate elevations of mood.

• 1.5% of the population suffers from bipolar depression (Kessler et al, 1994)

• Symptoms: hyperactivity, insomnia, arbitrary decision making, delusions.

Other Disorders

Memory disorders (Alzheimer’s, Amnesia, Korsakoff’s ) Perceptual disorders (Agnosia, Prosopagnosia, Neglect, Balint’s)Language disorders (Broca’s Aphasia, Wernicke’s Aphasia)Physical Disorders (Anorexia, Bulimia, Obesity)Misc. (Phantom Limb, Imposter Effect, Autism, Schizophrenia)

Therapy Regimens

1) Somatic (biological) Therapy

2) Psychoanalytic Therapy

3) Couples/Marital Therapy

4) Group Therapy

1. Somatic Therapy

A. Drugs [psychopharmacology]

B. Psychosurgery

Somatic Therapy

C. Electroconvulsive Therapy

Induce small seizures to correct for chemical imbalances

Somatic Therapy

Freud and his famous couch

Aka ‘the talking cure.’

II. Individual Psychotherapy

A. Psychoanalytic Therapy

Freud saw many things as having sexual overtones

Psychoanalytic Therapy

Carl Jung

Collective Unconcious and Archetypes

The shadow archetype

Psychoanalytic Therapy

The patient best knows his or her own mind, the psychologist’s job is to facilitate self-therapy

Eliza the Online Therapist

B. Humanistic Therapy

The 3 necessary elements of Humanistic Therapy

1) Unconditional Positive Regard

2) Genuineness

3) Non-Directive Guidance

Humanistic Therapy

Constant Repetition of negative thoughts leads to abnormality

C. Cognitive Therapy

Nobody likes me Even people who like me occasionally get mad at me

I’m a moron I’m smart, even if I do make mistakes now and then

I’m worthless I’m a good person

My jokes are bad It’s not my fault that the class has no sense of humor.

Cognitive Therapy

Why would somebody be afraid of white furry objects?

D. Behavioral Therapy

Systematic Desensitization

Behavioral Therapy

Flooding

Behavioral Therapy

Aversion Therapy

Ipecac Alcohol

+

+

=

= Sobriety

Behavioral Therapy

Other Behavioral Therapies

Social Learning Therapy

Operant Conditioning Therapy

Behavioral Therapy

Interpersonal Dynamics lead to Abnormality

• Switch Rolls

• Switch Power structure (as in The Simpsons)

• Group Discussion

Family Therapy

Defining Mental Disorder

1) Defining Mental Disorders

2) Discussing Particular Abnormalities

3) Therapy Regimens

Defining Mental Disorder

• Distress.. being upset• Irrationality- inability

to reason• Unpredictability-

unforeseen changes• Unconventionality-

inability to follow

norms.

Famous People with Mental Illness

Remember, there are many more people who are not famous who experience these issues

And if you remember only one thing about today’s lesson, remember that it is never “game over” if you are diagnosed with a mental health issue – although most aren’t “curable,” the vast majority are highly treatable with medication and / or psychotherapy, which will enable the

individual to live a normal life with this treatment

Actors / Entertainers / Directors Drew Carrey Jim Carrey John Cleese Richard Dreyfus Ashley Judd Margot Kidder Winona Ryder Damon Wayans Robin Williams Anthony Hopkins George Stephanopolous

Artists

Van Gough Jackson Pollack Michaelangelo Georgia O’Keefe Paul Gaugin

Athletes

Dwight Gooden Daryl Strawberry Greg Louganis Elizabeth Manley Monica Seles Tim Howard

Business Leaders

Ted Turner J.P. Morgan Howard Hughes

Authors / Journalists

Hans Christian Anderson Agatha Christie Ernest Hemingway Larry King Leo Tolstoy Emily Dickenson Michael Chrichton Charles Dickens

Musicians

Beethoven Kurt Cobain Leonard Cohen Sheryl Crow Natalie Cole Ray Charles Eric Clapton Chopin

World Leaders

Alexander the Great Napolean Winston Churchill Ralph Nader Thomas Jefferson George Patton Princess Diana Barbara Bush