HOPEWELL PUBLIC SCHOOLSCARTER G. WOODON MIDDLE SCHOOL

MR. WHEAT – 7TH GRADE

United States GeographyA state is an example

of a political region. States may be grouped as part of different regions, depending upon the criteria used. Cities served as centers of trade & have political, economic, & cultural significance.

United States GeographyNortheastern

States – Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania

UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHYMidwestern States

– Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota

United States GeographySoutheastern Map

– Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas

United States GeographySouthwestern

States – Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona

United States GeographyRocky Mountain

States Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho

United States GeographyPacific States –

California, Oregon, Washington

United States GeographyNoncontiguous

States Alaska & Hawaii

United States GeographyNortheastern Cities –

New York City, New York

Boston, Massachusetts

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

United States GeographySoutheastern

Cities – Washington, D.C.

Atlanta, Georgia

New Orleans, Louisiana

United States GeographyMidwestern Cities Chicago, Illinois

St. Louis, Missouri

Detroit, Michigan

United States GeographySouthwestern

Cities San Antonio, Texas

Santa Fe, New Mexico

United States GeographyRocky Mountain

Western Cities

Denver, Colorado

Salt Lake City, Utah

United States GeographyPacific Cities

San Francisco, California

Los Angeles, California

United States GeographyNoncontiguous

Cities

Juneau, Alaska

Honolulu, Hawaii

GREAT PLAINSDuring the

nineteenth century (19th century) or 1800s, people’s perceptions & use of the Great Plains changed.

GREAT PLAINSTechnological

advances allowed people to live in more challenging environments.

Physical Features/Climate of the Great Plains

Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west.

Physical Features/Climate of the Great Plains

Land eroded by wind & water.

Physical Features/Climate of the Great Plains

Low rainfall

Physical Features/Climate of the Great Plains

Frequent Dust Storms

Physical Features/Climate of the Great Plains

Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” but as a vast area to be settled.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains

Barbed wire – a type of fencing wire designed to keep animals in a confined space or area.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains

Steel Plows – used in farming to cultivate soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains

Dry farming – technique for cultivating land which receives little rainfall. This includes safeguarding water & conserving soil.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains

Sod houses – houses built using sod. Many people who lived on the Great Plains did not have wood or stone to construct normal homes.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains

Beef cattle raising – cattle raised for meat production.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains

Wheat farming – this type of farming required less water & grew well in the dryer soil of the Great Plains.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains

Windmills – used throughout the Great Plains to pump water from the ground & to provide power.

Inventions/Adaptations of the Great Plains

Railroads – linked the Atlantic & Pacific coasts & opened the vast interior to people who wanted to settle. The railroad made trade between different parts of the country easier, encouraging industrial & economic growth.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTAdvances in

transportation linked resources, products, & markets.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTRailroads were key

in developing industry. Railroads could reach interior areas, including places where an inadequate (not enough) water supply or rough terrain made canals impossible.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTA network of thirty

thousand (30,000) miles linked most of the nation’s major cities & towns because of the transcontinental railroad system.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTManufacturing areas

were clustered near centers of population & big cities.

Transportation of ResourcesNatural resources,

such as copper & lead, were moved by railroad to manufacturing centers to eastern factories & cities.

Transportation of ResourcesCopper & lead,

mined in New Mexico, Arizona, & Utah, was shipped by rail to eastern factories.

Transportation of Resources

Transportation of ResourcesIron ore deposits

were moved to sites of steel mills. In particular, many steel mills were built in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Transportation of ResourcesIn the mid to late

1800s, huge, easily mined deposits of high-grade iron ore were discovered in Michigan, Minnesota, & Wisconsin.

Transportation of ResourcesThe iron ore was

shipped by railroad to Pittsburgh, which by the mid-1860s, became the center for the emerging new steel industry.

Transportation of ResourcesThe need for

weapons in the Civil War gave a great boost to Pittsburgh’s iron & steel industry.

Transportation of ResourcesThe new Bessemer

process allowed iron & coal to be converted cheaply into steel, which was manufactured into a variety of products – form nails to rails.

Transportation of ResourcesTransporting finished

products to national markets were very important.

This refrigerator car, apart of the Transcontinental Railroad, led to the creation of national markets as products were shipped from city to city.

Transportation of ResourcesManufactured goods

moved by railroad from eastern factories to markets around the United States.

Transportation of ResourcesThe textile industry

was based in New England.

Transportation of ResourcesThe automobile

industry was based in Detroit, Michigan.

Transportation of ResourcesThe steel industry

was based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.