Honors BiologyCHAPTER 6 TEST

REVIEWQUESTIONS AND

ANSWERSFor Study Sheet to

Chapters 6 + Respiratory System Test

1 = nostril 2 = nasal cavity3 = pharynx 4 = epiglottis

5 = larynx 6 = esophagus7 = trachea 8 = lung

(pleura-outside)

9 = pleura 10 = bronchi11 = bronchioles 12 = diaphragm

13 = alveoli 14 = from heart (pulmonary artery blue)

15 = capillary bed orpulmonary vein to heart red

16=alveolar duct

17 = alveolus

What processes are at A, B, C?

A (glycolysis) B (Krebs cycle) C (ETC and chemiosmosis)(oxidative phosphorylation)

What electron carriers are at “D” and at “E”?

“D” = NADH “E” = FADH2 + NADH

What Number is at “F” and “G?”

What Numbers “F?” 2 ATP“G” 34 ATP

What waste gas leaves at “H”?

H. Carbon Dioxide

• 18. Anaerobic process in yeast

• Alcoholic fermentation

• 19. movement of H+ ions across ATP synthase

• chemiosmosis

• 20. splitting of glucose into two 3-C molecules

• Glycolysis

• 21. Also called citric acid cycle

• Krebs cycle (TCA)

• 22. movement of e- from high energy to low through the IM

• ETC

• 23. anaerobic process in animals’ muscles

• Lactic acid fermentation.

How many?• 24. Carbons are in each pyruvic acid

molecule?• 3

• 25. Net ATP’s are formed when one molecule of glucose breaks down in glycolysis?

• 2

How many?

• 26. FADH2 formed per pyruvate molecule in Krebs cycle?

• 1 (2 per glucose)

• 27. ATP are formed during ETC and chemiosmosis per glucose breakdown?

• 34

How many?

28. ATP’s formed from breakdown of glucose TOTAL (NET glycolysis, Krebs, and ETC/chemiosmosis)?

•38

•29. ATP’s are needed to phosphorylate the glucose in glycolysis? (Energy imput)

•2

How many?

• 30. ATP is made in the Energy Payoff Phase of Glycolysis only?

• 4

AND

• WHAT PERCENT OF THE ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE CAN BE CAPTURED (not lost as heat)?

• A. 28%

• B. 34%

• C. 67%

• D. 78%

• ANSWER: B. 34%

WHERE DOES IT OCCUR?

• 31. Fermentation?

• Cytoplasm

• 32. Krebs cycle?

• Matrix

• 33. ETC?

• IM

WHERE DOES IT TAKE PLACE?

• 34. H+ ions collection before they pass through the ATP synthase?

• IMS

• 35. Location of the ATP synthase?

• IM

#36

• How is ETC different than burning glucose with a flame?

• ETC passes electrons GRADUALLY from high energy to low while burning glucose with a flame is rapid.

ADD

• How does the movement of energy down the ETC differ from the movement of energy of just burning glucose with a match?

• GRADUALLY MOVES FROM HIGH TO LOW

#37

• What electron carrier is used in glycolysis?

• NADH

• What electron carriers are used in the Krebs cycle?

• NADH and FADH2

#38

• What is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration?

• OXYGEN

#39

• Where do each of these come from to form water in cellular respiration?

• H+

• Electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)

• OXYGEN• Breathe in through the lungs• ELECTRONS

• Electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)

#40

• Where is NAD+ regenerated in cytoplasm?

• In fermentation

41.

• 50 calories = .050 kilocalories = .05 Cal

• 50 Calories = 50,000 calories

• Calorie = 1000 calories=1 kcal

• Big C “Calorie” = 1000 little “c” calories = 1 kilocalorie

#42

• What is another name for the Krebs cycle?

• TCA (tricarboxylic cycle)

• Citric acid cycle

#43

• What enzyme grooms pyruvic acid so it can enter the Krebs cycle?

• Coenzyme A

• What is cut off pryruvic acid so it can enter the Krebs cycle?

• One carbon as carbon dioxide

44. Splitting of Glucose into these two 3-C compounds

• A. pyruvic acid• B. carbon dioxide• C. ethanol• D. water• E. Lactic acid

• ANSWER: A

#45

• Made at the end of ETC when H+ ions combine with oxygen.

• WATER

#46

• What forms with ethyl alcohol (ethanol) in yeast fermentation?

• Carbon dioxide

47. What forms in anaerobic fermentation in animals’ muscles?

• Lactic acid

#48

• What is an intermediate formed at the end of the Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis?

• G3P

#49

• What forms as a waste product liquid in yeast only if oxygen is not present when pyruvic acid is fermented?

• Ethanol

#50• ADP is the oxidized form and ATP is

the reduced form (with phosphate added)

• #51• NAD+ is the oxidized form and

NADH is the reduced form with H+ and electrons)

#52

• FAD is the oxidized form and FADH2 (reduced) has picked up H+ and electrons

#53

• Glucose has 6 carbons and pyruvic acid has 3 carbons.

#54

• Aerobic means with oxygen

• Anaerobic means without oxygen

#55

• The electrons flow down the ETC by the attraction to oxygen

• = the final electron acceptor.

#56 What is the formula for cellular respiration?

• C6H12O6 + 6 O2

•

• 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

• + ATP

#56 What is the formula for cellular respiration?

• C6H12O6 + 6 O2

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

#57

• Substrate-Level phosphorylation

• No membrane, no oxygen to make ATP

• Like in cytoplasm and Matrix

• Oxidative phosphorylation

• Membrane, oxygen to make ATP

• Like in inner membrane of mitochondrion

58. What are the 3 steps of “Cut and Groom” of pyruvate?

• 1. remove a carbon (CO2)

• 2. Form NADH

• 3. Coenzyme A is added to form acetyl-CoA

#59 TOTAL NUMBERS2 pyruvates (1 glucose) broken

down in Krebs cycle• ATP

• NADH

• FADH2

• CO2

• 2

• 6

• 2

• 4

#60 EXTENDED RESPONSECONTRAST

• SLOW TWITCH MUSCLES

• Thin fibers• Many mitochondrion• Aerobic• Many myoglobin• Dark Meat• Long Distance runs

• FAST TWITCH MUSCLES

• Thick fibers• Few Mitochondrion• Anaerobic• Few myoglobin• White Meat• Sprinters, weight

lifting

#61 LABEL

Inter membrane space

B

E

CD

A

#62

• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2+ 6H2O + ATP

OXIDIZEDLEOloss of electrons (H)

REDUCEDGERgain of electrons (H)

63. WHAT IS OAA?

• 4 carbon molecule that attaches to acetyl group to form citric acid

#64

• What causes ATP Synthase to form ATP?

Protons (H+) embed in the ATP synthase and turn the rotary motor

This causes enough energy to cause P to join ADP to form ATP.

HOW MANY ATP FORM DURING?

• Glycolysis

• 2

• Krebs Cycle

• 2

• ETC/CHEMIOSMOSIS

• 34

#65 Name your poison• Blocks ETC to kill pest insects and fish

• Rotenone

• Used in Tylenol tampering; blocks 4th protein in ETC

• cyanide

• Antibiotic blocks H+ passage

• oligomycin

• Rapid loss of energy as heat

• DNP

Nice Animations

• When CYANIDE is inhales and disrputs the ATP Production (1:17)

• Rotenone Poisoning (5:01)

• Oligomycin poisoning

• DNP youtube (3:21)

#66

• IN YEAST AND BACTERIA

• Pyruvate ethanol and carbon dioxide

• IN MUSCLESPyruvate lactic acid

#67 Under what conditions…

• Do obligate anaerobes live?

• Anaerobic conditions required

• (poisoned by oxygen)

#67 Under what conditions do…

• Facultative anaerobes live?

• Can make ATP either with or without oxygen

4 NADH would form how many ATP?

• 4

• 8

• 12

• 16

• ANSWER: 12

#68 What is the smallest rotary motor known?

• ATP synthase

• H+ running through it causes it to turn

• WHAT DOES IT DO?

• Causes ADP + P to form ATP

69. What means “Sugar Breaking?”

• A. glycolysis

• B. fermentation

• C. Krebs Cycle

• D. ETC

• ANSWER: A

70. What process regenerates NAD+ (NADH back to NAD+) so

glycolysis and cell respiration can continue?

• Glycolysis• Krebs cycle• ETC/chemiosmosis• Fermentation• ___________________

• ANSWER: fermentation

#71

OAA = 4-C (recycled) + 2-C acetyl 6-C citric acid

(temporary)

OAA joins with acetyl group to form citric acid to start Krebs cycle.

#72 “Redox reaction”Oxidation – Reduction Reaction

LEO goes GER• Oxidation

• loss of electrons from one substance

• Loss of H+

• NADH NAD+

• Reduction• addition of

electrons to another substance

• Gain of H+• NAD+ NADH

#73 B = H+ ions IMS

Where is ATP Synthase?

Where is ATP Synthase?

#75 “A” = ETC

#76 Where is the Krebs cycle?

#76 Krebs cycle = D

77. Which is inhalation?

Which is inhalation?

Diaphragmcontracted

Diaphragm relaxed

Which is the diaphragm relaxing?

Which is the diaphragm exhaling?

Count off 1-5

• Get a big dry erase board and that is your extended response question to write.

• We will them walk around the room to view your answers.

EXTENDED RESPONSEDo One 10 POINT

• 1. Contrast slow twitch muscles and fast twitch muscles according to:

• Fiber thickness thin thick

• Number of mitochondrion many few

• Aerobic or anaerobic aerobic anaerobic

• Number of myoglobin many few

• Used for long distance sprint

• Color of meat dark light

EXTENDED RESPONSEDo one 10 pointer

• 2. Trace oxygen: diaphragm contracts for inhalation

Enter nostrils or mouth Enters pharynx epiglottis flap is open for air air now in larynx Air to trachea air enters the two branches, the bronchi air enters the many smaller tubes, the bronchioles the air enters the alveoli (here carbon dioxide is exchanged with oxygen) Pleura covers and protects the lungs.

EXTENDED RESPONSEChoose one 5 pointer

• 1. Trace a NAD+ to NADH and back.

• EXAMPLE: NAD+ is reduced (to NADH) in the Krebs cycle and delivers e- and H+ to the first ETC protein complex. Here the e- are given to the ETC and the H+ cross the IM. The NAD+ formed goes back to the Krebs cycle and picks up e- and H+ and citric acid is broken down.

EXTENDED RESPONSEPick one 5 pointer

• 2. The ETC will move electrons down the electron transport chain from high energy to lower.

• The e- are pulled toward oxygen, the final electron acceptor, to form water.

•

• As the e- are removed the H+ ions from NADH collect in the inner membrane space.

• As these H+ move through the ATP synthase, enough energy is made to the moving enzyme to cause a P to join ADP to form ATP.

• Overview of ETC and chemiosmosis

EXTENDED RESPONSEDo one 5 pointer

• Pulmonary arteries

• Carry blood from heart to the lungs

• Blood is deoxgenated

• Blood is blue

• Pulmonary veins

• Carry blood from lungs to the heart

• Blood is oxygenated

• Blood is red

1- right pulmonary artery3- left pulmonary artery 4 - right pulmonary vein6- left pulmonary vein