HISTORY, INTRODUCTION & SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY

DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISM

USMB-101FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Unit I1.1History, Introduction & Scope of Microbiologya. Discovery of Microorganismsb. Conflict over spontaneous generationc. Golden age of Microbiology-Koch Postulates,

Medical Microbiology, Immunologyd. Development of Industrial Microbiology and

Microbial Ecologye. Scope and Relevance of Microbiology

f. Future of Microbiology

1.2 Procaryotic Cell Structure and Functionsa. Cell wallb. Cell membranec. Components external to cell wall-capsule,

slime layer, S layer, flagella, pili, fimbriaed. Cytoplasmic matrix- inclusion bodies,

magnetosome, ribosome, gas vesiclee. Nucleoid, plasmidf. Bacterial endospores and their function

FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY

ANTONIEVAN LEEUWENHOEK

FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY

• DUTCH MERCHANT• GREAT DICOVERIES• EDUCATED BUT NOT GONE TO ANY UNIVERSITY• LANGUAGE BARRIER• 50 YEARS OF WORK

SIMPLE MICROSCOPE

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON• An organization preserving and publishing

scientific work• Leeuwenhoek observations were shown to the

members• He wrote all his observations in Dutch• Translated in to English published in The

Proceedings

MATERIALS OBSERVED

• Seeds• Embryos• Teeth material• RBCs• Blood circulation• Higher plants, animals and so on………..

Animalcules

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek’s Observation

REFERENCES FOR UNIT I

General Microbiology by Stanier. Ingraham et al , 5th edition

CONFLICT OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

• Greek belief- living things originated from inanimate objects• Aristotle(384-322BC)- Spontaneous

generation of animals from soil, plants• Virgil(70-19BC)- propagation of bees• Maggots from meat when exposed to

air

ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)- believer of biogenesis

Maggots from MEAT in presence of air ???????

Francesco Redi

ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS

John Needham- abiogenesisair essential60-70 years gap

ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS• FRANZ SCHULZE EXPERIMENT-used

strong acids and strong alkali to treat air• THEODOR SCHWAAN- used cotton

filter and passed air through it

FRANZ SCHULZE EXPERIMENT

THEODOR SCHWAAN

ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS

Louis Pasteur

Louis PasteurProfessor of ChemistryUniversity of Lille, FranceMade a special flask- Goose necked flask or Swan necked flask

Louis Pasteur’s Experiment

TYNDALL’S EXPERIMENT-1820-1893

DUST CARRIES GERMS(MICROORGANISMS)

Other Contribution of PasteurWine/ Beer industry

Problems-bad wine- ropy, bitter etc.Loss of money

Pasteur studied- methods and processes of wine production

Objective- to produce good product

Pasteur’s observationsWine/beer production – microbiological processRaw materials- fruits and grainsProcess- fermentationGood wines-one type of M.O. predominatedBad wine- other types were also presentSolutions-Select good MOHeating of finished product to destroy undesirable MO

• Heating should not hurt the flavour

• Holding temperature and time-62.8 degree (145 deg faren)centigrade for an hour

PASTEURIZATIONWidely used in fermentation industry and Dairy

THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE• Fracastoro of Verona-diseases due to invisible

organisms• Transmitted from one person to other• Von Planciz 1762-Different germs for different

diseases

THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE• Oliver Wendell Holmes(1809-1894)- Physician- a

disease of childbirth(puerperal fever), very contagious, many deaths after childbirth

• THE CONTAGIOUSNESS OF PUERPERAL FEVER (1842)

• Ignaz Phillip (Hungry)-use of antiseptics during obstetrical practice

• Death rate decreased due to infections during child birth

• The Cause, Concept & Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever in 1861- a book

• Joseph Lister (England)- importance of antisepsis

THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE• Pasteur’ role- found the parasite of a silkworm

disease, Pebrine after a long struggle• Solution- use of healthy disease free caterpillars

for breeding stock• Anthrax a disease of cattles- grew mo in the flasks

from the blood sample of died animals

THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASEFather of Medical Microbiology

• Robert Koch(1843-1910)• Germany- Anthrax problem

Discovered tuberculosis bacteria

KOCH’S POSTULATES

KOCH’S POSTULATES

LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PURE CULTURES

• Pure Culture• Joseph Lister- Dilution Technique (1878)• Sample – milk

Koch’s laboratory procedures

• Koch- liquid medium Solid medium (gelatin, agar)

COLONIES

Development of Medical Microbiology

PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION

VirulenceAttenuationAntibodies

Chicken Cholera Experiment

PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION• Edward Jenner- used cow pox vaccine to

protect people from small pox(1798)• Attenuated cultures- VACCINE• Vacca, a latin word- cow

PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION

• Pasteur prepared vaccine against anthrax• Was told to study about human diseases• Prepared vaccine for rabies

Honours for Pasteur and Koch

1888

Discovery of other diseasesEdwin Kleb 1883 & Frederick Loeffler-1884Diphtheria- Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Toxin production- demonstrated

Discovery of other diseases

Von Behring & Kitasato discovered tetanusToxin (lock jaw), Clostridium tetaniAntitoxinSerum therapy- Behring (nobel prize

Phagocytosis

Metchnikoff - leucocytes

Defense in the body• Cells- phagocytosis• Soluble substances in blood- Paul Ehrlich• Paul Ehrlich- chemotherapy- antibiotic (606th substance)-to treat syphilis (contained arsenic)- first chemotherapeutic substance)Golden period of Microbiology-1880-1900

Golden period of Microbiology-1880-1900date disease Causative agent discoverer

1876 anthrax Bacillus anthracis Koch1880 typhoid Salmonella typhi Eberth1880 Malaria Plasmodium Laveran

1882 tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Koch

1885 tetanus Clostridium tetani Nicolaier1894 plague Yersinia pestis Kitasato and

Yersin

1898 dysentry Shigella dysenteriae Shiga1905 syphilis Treponema pallidum Schaudin1906 Whooping

coughBordella pertussis Bordet , Gengou

Development of Agricultural, Industrial, and Food Microbiology

Application of discoveries of Pasteur & Koch

• Soil microbiology- Sergei Winogradsky- nitrogen fixing bacteriaSymbiotic relations between leguminous plants and clover, alfa-alfa

Importance of Pure Culture• Dutch microbiologist Willeum Beijerinck (1901)-

free living nitrogen bacterium• Azotobacter – very useful for soil fertlity• Hansen-industrial fermentation- yeast and

bacteria for vinegar production• Adametz from Austria –cheese production• Conn &Weigmann from Germany- starter culture

for butter production

Development of Plant Pathology

• Burril – fire blight in pears• Mayer- mottling disease of tobacco plant• Iwanowsky- viruses• Hashimoto (farmer)- insects can transfer• Wendell- Tobacco Mosaic Virus- isolated (Nobel

Prize- 1946)

REFERENCES1. Prescott, Hurley, Klein, Microbiology 7th ed.2. Kathleen Park Talaro & Arthur Talaro. Foundations in Microbiology, International ed.2002