History of CanadaHistory of CanadaIntegration into U.S. HistoryIntegration into U.S. History

Dean JuneDean Junecapitalhill@rochester.rr.comcapitalhill@rochester.rr.com

Ruth Ann WriterRuth Ann Writerrawriter@comcast.netrawriter@comcast.net

Different Points of ViewSimilar History

Why study Canada in Why study Canada in U.S. History Class?U.S. History Class?

United States did not evolve in vacuum!United States did not evolve in vacuum! By studying Canada, American students will By studying Canada, American students will

learn additional and different points of viewlearn additional and different points of view Natural extension of U.S. History due to ties Natural extension of U.S. History due to ties

that bindthat bind GeographyGeography EconomyEconomy CulturalCultural HISTORYHISTORY

Pre-Contact HistoryPre-Contact History

Migration routes—Native, InuitMigration routes—Native, Inuit Natives knew no bordersNatives knew no borders Cultural division of Natives result of natural, Cultural division of Natives result of natural,

geographic regionsgeographic regions

•http://www.tngenweb.org/maps/eastribe.jpg

Study of Native Life Study of Native Life Prior to European ContactPrior to European Contact

FoodFood ShelterShelter ClothingClothing MedicalMedical EducationEducation TransportationTransportation

DiplomacyDiplomacy LeisureLeisure Family structureFamily structure Gender rolesGender roles Religion and Religion and

mythologymythology

Age of DiscoveryAge of Discovery

EnglishEnglish FrenchFrench

English ExplorersEnglish Explorers

CabotCabot DavisDavis HudsonHudson BaffinBaffin FranklinFranklin

French ExplorersFrench Explorers

CartierCartier ChamplainChamplain BruleBrule LaSalleLaSalle Marquette and JolietMarquette and Joliet

Champlain’s WorldChamplain’s World

1567-16351567-1635

Two children of New FranceTwo children of New France

AcadiaAcadia Bay of FundyBay of Fundy Small farm communitiesSmall farm communities Port RoyalePort Royale

St. LawrenceSt. Lawrence SaguenaySaguenay Quebec CityQuebec City MontrealVoyageursMontrealVoyageurs Trois Rivieres, othersTrois Rivieres, others

Separated by geographySeparated by geography

French ColonizationFrench Colonization

AcadiaAcadia St. Lawrence and Great LakesSt. Lawrence and Great Lakes

More than Fame & FortuneMore than Fame & Fortune

GodGod GloryGlory GoldGold

Invited to join party of adventuresInvited to join party of adventures French getting nervous French getting nervous English base on Newfoundland--CODEnglish base on Newfoundland--COD Fishermen from Spain, Basque, EnglandFishermen from Spain, Basque, England

Problems in Paradise? !#@*^Problems in Paradise? !#@*^St. Croix Island—1604-5St. Croix Island—1604-5

Winter weather Winter weather No fresh water No fresh water Little lumberLittle lumber Scurvy Scurvy

35 of 79 died 135 of 79 died 1stst winter winter Isle of BonesIsle of Bones

No farmland No farmland Safe from Natives—they KNEW Safe from Natives—they KNEW

AcadiaAcadia

Seven Periods of AcadiaSeven Periods of Acadia

Acadia ... 1632 to 1653Acadia ... 1632 to 1653 - the core group of settlers arrive  - the core group of settlers arrive 

Acadia ... 1654 to 1670Acadia ... 1654 to 1670 - French immigration stops under - French immigration stops under English rule  English rule 

Acadia ... 1671 to 1689Acadia ... 1671 to 1689 - more arrivals under French rule  - more arrivals under French rule 

Acadia ... 1690 to 1709Acadia ... 1690 to 1709 - final days as French Acadia  - final days as French Acadia 

Acadia ... 1710 to 1729Acadia ... 1710 to 1729 - Acadians settle in as in Nova Scotians - Acadians settle in as in Nova Scotians    Acadia ... 1730 to 1748Acadia ... 1730 to 1748 - peacetime under English rule  - peacetime under English rule 

Acadia ... 1749 to 1755Acadia ... 1749 to 1755 - English pressure and Acadian farewell  - English pressure and Acadian farewell 

1755—sent into exile1755—sent into exile 2005—Katrina 2005—Katrina

Quebec City during Champlain EraQuebec City during Champlain Era1608-16351608-1635

Summer trip of 1609Summer trip of 1609

Allied with HuronsAllied with Hurons Enemy of IroquoisEnemy of Iroquois Travel to LaChine and Richelieu RiverTravel to LaChine and Richelieu River To heart of Iroquois nation—60,000To heart of Iroquois nation—60,000 Reached Lake Champlain--JulyReached Lake Champlain--July

Battle of 1609Battle of 1609

Champlain stepped forward dressed for war in Champlain stepped forward dressed for war in bloomers & a gleaming plume topped metal bonnet bloomers & a gleaming plume topped metal bonnet on his head. He raised his gun and aimed at the most on his head. He raised his gun and aimed at the most prominent men standing the length of a football field prominent men standing the length of a football field away. He fired the load, four pellets and 2 Iroquois away. He fired the load, four pellets and 2 Iroquois chiefs dropped dead. Demoralized by the shock of an chiefs dropped dead. Demoralized by the shock of an unthinkable weapon, the Iroquois ran."—[Callwood unthinkable weapon, the Iroquois ran."—[Callwood p. 12]p. 12]

Rest is History!Rest is History!

Starting Line Up for French and Indian war Starting Line Up for French and Indian war 150 years later150 years later

What destroyed Native Cultures?What destroyed Native Cultures?

More than gunsMore than guns Disease—no immunityDisease—no immunity

Small poxSmall pox measlesmeasles

DepressionDepression DietDiet Societal changesSocietal changes Huron lost 50% of people by 1639Huron lost 50% of people by 1639 Never regained populationNever regained population

New FranceNew France

VoyageursVoyageurs Fur is king of North AmericaFur is king of North America

Urban New FranceUrban New France Quebec CityQuebec City MontrealMontreal

Seigneurial SystemSeigneurial System Settlement and farmingSettlement and farming

VoyageursVoyageurs

BruleBrule Radisson and GroselliersRadisson and Groselliers

1615—Great Lakes Region1615—Great Lakes Region

Brule—read about himBrule—read about him First white to…First white to… 1622—Sault Ste. Marie--MICHIGAN1622—Sault Ste. Marie--MICHIGAN

BeaverBeaver

Prized peltsPrized pelts Guard hairGuard hair Under hairUnder hair Worn for winter—THE best [castor de gras]Worn for winter—THE best [castor de gras] Easily transportedEasily transported Easily trapped out—extinct in some areasEasily trapped out—extinct in some areas BREATHING GOLD!BREATHING GOLD!

Economic Issues of BeaverEconomic Issues of Beaver

Supply—60-400 million from Rio Grande to Supply—60-400 million from Rio Grande to Arctic Arctic

10 million in Canada alone10 million in Canada alone 155 taken in one day155 taken in one day 5000 in one season5000 in one season

Demand—fad of hats Demand—fad of hats Cheap laborCheap labor

Life is a highway—Life is a highway—so were the riversso were the rivers

Rivers were the routes westRivers were the routes west No real trailsNo real trails Portages between rivers and lakesPortages between rivers and lakes Paddle at a fast rate—16+ hours a dayPaddle at a fast rate—16+ hours a day

Hudson Bay Company’s BirthHudson Bay Company’s Birth16701670

Hudson Bay system of trade to NorthHudson Bay system of trade to North French—longer supply lineFrench—longer supply line HBC started by Radisson/GroseilliersHBC started by Radisson/Groseilliers Took up 50% of current Canadian territoryTook up 50% of current Canadian territory Small posts called factoriesSmall posts called factories Operated by factorOperated by factor STAY ON THE BAY—factory systemSTAY ON THE BAY—factory system Eliminated middle men—direct buying Eliminated middle men—direct buying

HBC better dealHBC better deal

Blankets made of wool Blankets made of wool Shorter tripShorter trip England had 13 colonies south of New FranceEngland had 13 colonies south of New France Competition beganCompetition began

UrbanizationUrbanization

Quebec CityQuebec City MontrealMontreal St. Lawrence ValleySt. Lawrence Valley King’s DaughtersKing’s Daughters

Seigneurial SystemSeigneurial System

Competing for North America Competing for North America

New EnglandNew England Hudson Bay CompanyHudson Bay Company New FranceNew France AcadiaAcadia English v. FrenchEnglish v. French Lesser knownLesser known

Wars for EmpireWars for Empire

European conflictsEuropean conflicts French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War Revolutionary EraRevolutionary Era LoyalistsLoyalists Birth of two nations—not oneBirth of two nations—not one War of 1812War of 1812

New FranceNew France

STRENGTHSSTRENGTHS First Nations relationship First Nations relationship

goodgood Knew interiorKnew interior Control of waterwayControl of waterway UnifiedUnified End run around EngEnd run around Eng Forts Forts

WEAKNESSESWEAKNESSES Outnumbered 20:1Outnumbered 20:1 Less moneyLess money Poor transportationPoor transportation Iroquois enemyIroquois enemy Only few key citiesOnly few key cities

MontrealMontreal QuebecQuebec LouisbourgLouisbourg

End of New FranceEnd of New France

Series of 4 warsSeries of 4 wars Acadian Expulsion—1755Acadian Expulsion—1755 French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War Plains of Abraham—1759Plains of Abraham—1759 Conquest--1763Conquest--1763

Revolutionary EraRevolutionary Era

MotivationMotivation Quebec ActQuebec Act InvasionsInvasions Why 13 and not 15 colonies?Why 13 and not 15 colonies? Why British North America [French speaking] Why British North America [French speaking]

sided with Britainsided with Britain Only few years since French and Only few years since French and

Indian WarIndian War

Invasion of CanadaInvasion of Canada

After Quebec ActAfter Quebec Act August 1775—invasion beginsAugust 1775—invasion begins

Via fur trade route Richielu RiverVia fur trade route Richielu River Nov ’75—to MontrealNov ’75—to Montreal Siege for 55 daysSiege for 55 days

Not good neighborsNot good neighbors

Contempt for CatholicsContempt for Catholics Stole foodStole food Stole firewoodStole firewood Imprisoned priestsImprisoned priests Urinated on shrineUrinated on shrine Sent Ben Franklin—TOO LATESent Ben Franklin—TOO LATE

1776-17831776-1783

Events of Revolutionary WarEvents of Revolutionary War Saratoga—Burgoyne defeatedSaratoga—Burgoyne defeated Yorktown--1781Yorktown--1781 Ours is a history of revolution…Ours is a history of revolution… Canada is a history of evolutionCanada is a history of evolution

LoyalistsLoyalists

Thousands supported BritishThousands supported British Called TORIES [1/3]Called TORIES [1/3] 50,000 moved to Canada50,000 moved to Canada Why did these colonists emigrate?Why did these colonists emigrate? Where did they settle?Where did they settle? What was life like for them in new land?What was life like for them in new land?

Who were they???Who were they??? Merchants—trade tiesMerchants—trade ties Patriots—loyal citizensPatriots—loyal citizens Family tiesFamily ties Location—interior shield themLocation—interior shield them Conservative—fear of changeConservative—fear of change Age—demographyAge—demography History—sense of pastHistory—sense of past Defense—against NativesDefense—against Natives Guess work—wrong horse in race!Guess work—wrong horse in race!

Two nations are born!Two nations are born!

USA—south of St. Lawrence/ Great LakesUSA—south of St. Lawrence/ Great Lakes BNA—north [bummer]BNA—north [bummer]

Lower Canada Lower Canada Upper CanadaUpper Canada

Nova ScotiaNova Scotia Newfoundland—independent until 1949Newfoundland—independent until 1949 English threw in fur trade route to U.S.A.English threw in fur trade route to U.S.A.

Michigan—Detroit, MichilmackinacMichigan—Detroit, Michilmackinac Ft. NiagaraFt. Niagara Grand PortageGrand Portage

British North AmericaBritish North America

Lower CanadaLower Canada Upper CanadaUpper Canada Nova ScotiaNova Scotia Hudson Bay CompanyHudson Bay Company NewfoundlandNewfoundland

War of 1812War of 1812

Second War for EmpireSecond War for Empire

NationhoodNationhood

American history—Washington to LincolnAmerican history—Washington to Lincoln Rebellions of 1837Rebellions of 1837

Lower Canada--PapineauLower Canada--Papineau Upper Canada--MackenzieUpper Canada--Mackenzie

Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad When When

1800-18611800-1861 Fugitive Slave Act--1850Fugitive Slave Act--1850

WhatWhat Not undergroundNot underground Not railroadNot railroad Informal system Informal system SecretSecret Code wordsCode words

ConductorsConductors PassengersPassengers TrainsTrains CargoCargo Stations Stations

Where Where Established routesEstablished routes

WhoWho Fugitive slaves—30-50,000Fugitive slaves—30-50,000 Quakers, MethodistsQuakers, Methodists Urban/ruralUrban/rural Black/whiteBlack/white Anyone who hated slaveryAnyone who hated slavery

HowHow

Canadian CommunitiesCanadian Communities

Dresden—a.k.a. DawnDresden—a.k.a. Dawn

Josiah HensonJosiah Henson

Born in late 1700s in MarylandBorn in late 1700s in Maryland Beaten by master for protecting motherBeaten by master for protecting mother Fled to Dresden with youngest of 12 in Fled to Dresden with youngest of 12 in

knapsackknapsack Likely model for “Uncle Tom”Likely model for “Uncle Tom”

Vocational EducationVocational Education

Key to Henson’s communityKey to Henson’s community Concept of land ownershipConcept of land ownership British American Institute—industrial and British American Institute—industrial and

manual trainingmanual training Late 1840s—grist mill and saw millLate 1840s—grist mill and saw mill Visit to England with black walnut timbersVisit to England with black walnut timbers

Henson’s ChurchHenson’s Church

Henson’s later yearsHenson’s later years

Dresden collapsed by 1872Dresden collapsed by 1872 Questions of fraudQuestions of fraud Henson cleared of wrong doingHenson cleared of wrong doing Died at age 94 [?] in 1883Died at age 94 [?] in 1883 Descendents still live in regionDescendents still live in region

Civil War and Birth of CanadaCivil War and Birth of Canada

Role of Canada in our warRole of Canada in our war FeniansFenians Fear of United StatesFear of United States Dominion of Canada a reality as result--1867Dominion of Canada a reality as result--1867

Movement WestMovement West

Differences north of borderDifferences north of border Treatment of Natives and natureTreatment of Natives and nature Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny Settlement of Last Best WestSettlement of Last Best West

Turn of the CenturyTurn of the Century

Need for CooperationNeed for Cooperation IndustrializationIndustrialization UrbanizationUrbanization

World at WarWorld at War

Boer WarBoer War Great War—In Flanders FieldGreat War—In Flanders Field Statute of WestminsterStatute of Westminster World War IIWorld War II

Between WarsBetween Wars

Quest for World without WarsQuest for World without Wars Roaring 20’sRoaring 20’s DepressionDepression Different methods of recoveryDifferent methods of recovery

Post War and Cold War EraPost War and Cold War Era Baby boomersBaby boomers St. Lawrence SeawaySt. Lawrence Seaway 1950s-1970s—Social upheaval1950s-1970s—Social upheaval

NATONATO UNUN Commonwealth NationCommonwealth Nation KoreaKorea VietnamVietnam CubaCuba

Last GenerationLast Generation

Improving relationsImproving relations Free TradeFree Trade NAFTANAFTA Iranian hostagesIranian hostages 9/119/11 War on Terror War on Terror War in IraqWar in Iraq

Recent IssuesRecent Issues

Border IssuesBorder Issues 20012001 ““Fortress North America”Fortress North America” 2009 and passport requirements2009 and passport requirements

Health careHealth care TradeTrade Arctic SovereigntyArctic Sovereignty Culture WarsCulture Wars

FutureFuture

What will be the next chapter?What will be the next chapter? Issues facing Canada and U.S.Issues facing Canada and U.S.

BorderBorder Great LakesGreat Lakes TradeTrade Travel between two powerhousesTravel between two powerhouses Economic integrationEconomic integration DefenseDefense ArcticArctic

Contact InformationContact Information Dean JuneDean June

SUNY GeneseoSUNY Geneseo3914 East Main Street Road3914 East Main Street RoadAttica, New YorkAttica, New York

capitalhill@rochester.rr.comcapitalhill@rochester.rr.com june@geneseo.edujune@geneseo.edu

Ruth Ann WriterRuth Ann Writer K-12 Outreach Coordinator, Canadian StudiesK-12 Outreach Coordinator, Canadian Studies

Michigan State UniversityMichigan State University601 Circle Ridge Drive601 Circle Ridge DriveBuchanan, MIBuchanan, MI

rawriter@comcast.netrawriter@comcast.net