Post on 28-Dec-2015
Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Scienceof Exercise and Sports Science
Foundations of Exercise and Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceSports Science
IntroductionIntroduction
Science of Human MovementScience of Human Movement
Interdisciplinary ScienceInterdisciplinary Science
Multiple ApplicationsMultiple Applications
Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience
Emergence of a Scientific DisciplineEmergence of a Scientific Discipline
Scientific discipline has central focusScientific discipline has central focus Merging disciplines create new onesMerging disciplines create new ones More advances with combined researchMore advances with combined research Common interests are sometimes the Common interests are sometimes the
cause cause
Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience
Exercise Science and Related Exercise Science and Related DisciplineDiscipline
Multiple parent disciplines including:Multiple parent disciplines including: PhysicsPhysics ChemistryChemistry Physiology/AnatomyPhysiology/Anatomy MedicineMedicine
Creation and growth of a new Creation and growth of a new “discipline” or an “interdisciplinary” “discipline” or an “interdisciplinary” area of study occurs as a result of the area of study occurs as a result of the interaction of previous work and the interaction of previous work and the growth of related disciplines – this growth of related disciplines – this interaction can be noted from a interaction can be noted from a historical perspectivehistorical perspective
Historical Aspects of Exercise and Sports ScienceHistorical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science
Early writingsEarly writings – – Concentration on anatomical and medical aspects Concentration on anatomical and medical aspects – some sports aspects– some sports aspects
Herodicus –late 400’s BCHerodicus –late 400’s BC
Hippocrates – 460-377 BCHippocrates – 460-377 BC
Galen – 131-201 AD Galen – 131-201 AD
Middle Ages/RenaissanceMiddle Ages/Renaissance – – Strong Anatomical and Medical Aspects Strong Anatomical and Medical Aspects – beginnings of “Biomechanics”– beginnings of “Biomechanics”
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679)Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679)
History Con’tHistory Con’t
1818thth and 19 and 19thth Century – Emergence of Physics, Chemistry and Century – Emergence of Physics, Chemistry and Physiology as “Disiplines”Physiology as “Disiplines”
Joseph Preistly (1733-1804) – oxygenJoseph Preistly (1733-1804) – oxygen
Cal Willhelm Scheele (1742-1786) – oxygenCal Willhelm Scheele (1742-1786) – oxygen
Joseph Black (1728-1799) – carbon dioxideJoseph Black (1728-1799) – carbon dioxide
Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) – metabolismAntoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) – metabolism
William Prout (1785-1850) – beginnings of William Prout (1785-1850) – beginnings of exercise metabolismexercise metabolism
Edward Hitchcock (1793-1864) – structure and Edward Hitchcock (1793-1864) – structure and functionfunction
Edward Hitchcock Jr. M.D.(1828-1911) – Edward Hitchcock Jr. M.D.(1828-1911) – described use of described use of “physical “physical education” education” for healthfor health
Claude Bernard (1813-1878) – Father of Claude Bernard (1813-1878) – Father of PhysiologyPhysiology
History Con’tHistory Con’t
2020thth Century: growth of “Exercise Science” Century: growth of “Exercise Science”
George Wells (1860-1934)– Harvard – George Wells (1860-1934)– Harvard – ScientificScientific basis for basis for Physical EducationPhysical Education
Bruce Dill (1891-1986) – Director of Bruce Dill (1891-1986) – Director of Harvard Harvard Fatigue Lab Fatigue Lab (1927-1946)(1927-1946)
Archibald V. Hill (1886-1977) – muscle Archibald V. Hill (1886-1977) – muscle contraction mechanics, contraction mechanics,
energy energy consumption –”Oxygen consumption –”Oxygen Uptake”Uptake”
Thomas K. Cureton (1901-1993) -Thomas K. Cureton (1901-1993) -
Physical Fitness for HealthPhysical Fitness for Health
David C. Costill – glycogen David C. Costill – glycogen replacement - replacement - swimming swimming physiologyphysiology
Jack H. Wilmore – Physical Fitness and Jack H. Wilmore – Physical Fitness and HealthHealth
History Con’tHistory Con’t
CurrentCurrent
Robert B. Armstrong- Texas A&M – Robert B. Armstrong- Texas A&M – muscle muscle physiologyphysiology
Michael Joiner – Mayo Clinic – blood Michael Joiner – Mayo Clinic – blood flowflow
Larry Durstine – U. South Carolina – Larry Durstine – U. South Carolina – exercise exercise and blood lipidsand blood lipids
Travis N. Triplett – Appalachian State – Travis N. Triplett – Appalachian State – resistance training and resistance training and
osteoporosis/womenosteoporosis/women
Current Sports Scientist in the USACurrent Sports Scientist in the USA
Randy Wilber – USOC – triathlon, road cyclingRandy Wilber – USOC – triathlon, road cycling
Jay T. Kearney- Carmichael Training SystemsJay T. Kearney- Carmichael Training Systems- - sports science- sports science-
canoe/kayak and road canoe/kayak and road cyclingcyclingWilliam A. Sands- USOC – gymnastics William A. Sands- USOC – gymnastics
“explosive strength” - “explosive strength” - Brian Schilling – Memphis University – Brian Schilling – Memphis University –
weightlifting- MU weightlifting- MU type and training type and training alterationsalterations
Greg G. Haff – West Virginia – weightlifting Greg G. Haff – West Virginia – weightlifting resistance resistance training effects training effects on fuel useon fuel use
The scope of Exercise and Sports The scope of Exercise and Sports Science –three primary areasScience –three primary areas
PsychologyPsychology: deals with behavioral : deals with behavioral aspects aspects of of exercise and sport including exercise and sport including learning aspectslearning aspects
PhysiologyPhysiology: How physiologic : How physiologic systems respond systems respond and adapt to human and adapt to human movementmovement
BiomechanicsBiomechanics: Study of : Study of physical/mechanical physical/mechanical principles that principles that underlie human motionunderlie human motion
Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience
Exercise and Sports ScienceExercise and Sports Science—— “New” Interdisciplinary Sciences“New” Interdisciplinary Sciences
Characteristics of ScienceCharacteristics of Science
A “science” needs objectivity and A “science” needs objectivity and evidenceevidence
Need to distinguish between anecdotal Need to distinguish between anecdotal
and scientific evidenceand scientific evidence
Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience
In search of Truth in ScienceIn search of Truth in Science (and (and Advertising)Advertising) Testimonial approach – often incorrect Testimonial approach – often incorrect
assumptionsassumptions Tenacity - PropagandaTenacity - Propaganda Knowledge of authorityKnowledge of authority Rationalistic methodRationalistic method – – may lead to right or
wrong hypothesis Scientific method can alleviate Scientific method can alleviate
inappropriate conclusionsinappropriate conclusions
Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
Goal is discovering what is true – Goal is discovering what is true – science is science is not a philosophical debatenot a philosophical debate
Basic tenet – truth is out there and it can be Basic tenet – truth is out there and it can be measuredmeasured
Questions lead to researchQuestions lead to research Observation: Phenomenon to be explainedObservation: Phenomenon to be explained Hypothesis: Logical explanationsHypothesis: Logical explanations Experiment: Scientific study to verify hypothesesExperiment: Scientific study to verify hypotheses
The statistical approachThe statistical approach Mathematical tool to understand evidenceMathematical tool to understand evidence
The Research Continuum: a generalization The Research Continuum: a generalization
Basic Basic ApplieAppliedd
Translational Translational
Exercise ScientistsExercise Scientists Sports ScientistsSports Scientists
mechanismechanismsms
performanperformancece
Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience
Basic Versus Applied ResearchBasic Versus Applied Research Basic ResearchBasic Research
To acquire new knowledgeTo acquire new knowledge Knowledge has to be developed before it can be Knowledge has to be developed before it can be
appliedapplied
Translational Research: bridging the gap between basic Translational Research: bridging the gap between basic and applied – “assigns” mechanisms to applied findingsand applied – “assigns” mechanisms to applied findings
Applied Research Applied Research Obvious applications (sport – health)Obvious applications (sport – health) Answers very specific research questionAnswers very specific research question
Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience
Animal Research in Exercise and Animal Research in Exercise and Sports ScienceSports Science
Many advances obtained through Many advances obtained through research on animalsresearch on animals
Animals have also benefitedAnimals have also benefited Often combined with human researchOften combined with human research Goal is to enhance knowledge of Goal is to enhance knowledge of
Exercise and Sports ScienceExercise and Sports Science
Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience
The Research ContinuumThe Research Continuum
Questions may lead to other areas of Questions may lead to other areas of sciencescience
Need both basic, translational and applied Need both basic, translational and applied researchresearch
Maximum usefulness when adjacent levels Maximum usefulness when adjacent levels understand and communicate issues of understand and communicate issues of other levelsother levels
Foundations of Exercise and Sports Foundations of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience
Movement at Every LevelMovement at Every Level
Performance continuum: Individuals at Performance continuum: Individuals at different levelsdifferent levels
Three categoriesThree categories SubnormalSubnormal NormalNormal SupernormalSupernormal
Studying all three categories yields Studying all three categories yields better understanding of Exercise better understanding of Exercise ScienceScience
Professional and Interest Group Organizations Associated with Exercise and Sports Sciences
(Examples)American Alliance of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD)
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
European College of Sports Medicine (ECSM)
International Society of Biomechanics in Sports (ISBS)
National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA)
United Kingdom Strength and Conditioning Association (UKSCA)
Sports Science – What is it?Sports Science – What is it?
Michael H. Stone, PhD
PEXS
East Tennessee State University
EXERCISE SCIENCEEXERCISE SCIENCE
PAEDIATRIC FACTORSPAEDIATRIC FACTORS
GERIATRIC GERIATRIC FACTORSFACTORS
ERGONOMICSERGONOMICS
SPORTS SCIENCESPORTS SCIENCE
ADULT FITNESS/ ADULT FITNESS/ MEDICAL MEDICAL ASPECTSASPECTS
MECHANISMSMECHANISMS
NUTRITIONNUTRITION
PERFORMANCPERFORMANCEE
Biology:Biology: interdisciplinary study of life interdisciplinary study of life
EXERCISE SCIENCE:EXERCISE SCIENCE: GENERAL TERM - GENERAL TERM -
•study ofstudy of biological biological responses and adaptations to responses and adaptations to exercise and training exercise and training
•depends upon the disciplines of biomechanics, depends upon the disciplines of biomechanics, physiology, psychology, sociology, mechanical, physiology, psychology, sociology, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineeringelectrical, and computer engineering
• includes various specialitiesincludes various specialities
SPORT SCIENCE:SPORT SCIENCE:
• enhancement of sport performance enhancement of sport performance and sport equipment through the and sport equipment through the application of scientific methods and application of scientific methods and principlesprinciples
EXERCISE SCIENTISTS:EXERCISE SCIENTISTS:
- uses exercise or training to understand biology
SPORT SCIENTISTS:SPORT SCIENTISTS:
- uses biology to understand sport
• function to bridge the gap between science and sport
To be a better sport scientist(s):To be a better sport scientist(s):1. . be a very good scientist
2. be interested in the sport(s) and the development of elite performance
3. knowledge of sport(s) – personal interest
4. knowledge of training practices and outcomes
5. be willing to train like they do ? – better understand the sport
6. regular discussions with athletes and coaches
7. understand the politics
8. provoke thought -challenge8. provoke thought -challenge
Become part of the sport.
SPORTS SCIENCESPORTS SCIENCE:BASIC FUNCTIONSBASIC FUNCTIONS
1. EDUCATION1. EDUCATION
2. SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK2. SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK
3. RESEARCH3. RESEARCH
EDUCATIONEDUCATION
1. coach (coaching the coach)/students
2. athlete
3. other sports scientists – mentor junior scientists
SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACKSPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK
• INTEGRATED APPROACH
• PICK THE BEST TESTS - BUT!!!
- relatively simple test - good reliability
- insure fast and reliable feedback for coaches and athletes
- make sure results are comprehensible and usable
ONGOING RE-EXAMINATION OF TESTING SERVICEONGOING RE-EXAMINATION OF TESTING SERVICE
RESEARCHRESEARCH
•a diligent and systematic enquiry or investigation a diligent and systematic enquiry or investigation in order to discover facts or principles in order to discover facts or principles
•to investigate carefullyto investigate carefully
•SEARCH FOR TRUTH AND CLARITYSEARCH FOR TRUTH AND CLARITY
•CURRENTLY - WITHOUT RESEARCH – SPORT IS CURRENTLY - WITHOUT RESEARCH – SPORT IS RARELY PUSHED AHEADRARELY PUSHED AHEAD
RESEARCH AND SPORT SCIENCERESEARCH AND SPORT SCIENCE
1. Practical
2. How can it be applied – not always apparent to the coach/athlete
3. Performance oriented
- coach - sport scientists interaction
- results should be reported ASAP
- - often carried out within the sports testing often carried out within the sports testing programmeprogramme
DEVELOP INNOVATIVE TESTING-RESEARCH DEVELOP INNOVATIVE TESTING-RESEARCH PROGRAMMESPROGRAMMES
Example:Example:
1. get the coaches involved in collecting data 1. get the coaches involved in collecting data
- sport testing- sport testing
- research- research
- talent - talent IDID
2. get 2. get NGBNGB sport science committees involved in sport science committees involved in collecting datacollecting data
3. use on-line services (MONITORING)3. use on-line services (MONITORING)
A NECESSITYA NECESSITY: INTEGRATED : INTEGRATED
PROGRAMME PLANNINGPROGRAMME PLANNING
•Why should coaches be interested in Sport Science?Why should coaches be interested in Sport Science?
– – a good coach does not simply imitate but innovatesa good coach does not simply imitate but innovates
- Art and Science- Art and Science
•IDEALLYIDEALLY-- SPORT SCIENCE , NGB’S AND COACHES SPORT SCIENCE , NGB’S AND COACHES WORK TOGETHER TO FORMULATE A WORK TOGETHER TO FORMULATE A TRAINING/TESTING PROGRAMMETRAINING/TESTING PROGRAMME
THE IDEALTHE IDEAL: DELIVERING SPORT SCIENCE TO : DELIVERING SPORT SCIENCE TO THE ELITE ATHLETE AND COACHES IN THE THE ELITE ATHLETE AND COACHES IN THE USAUSA
COACH/ATHLETECOACH/ATHLETE USOC SPORT SCIENCEUSOC SPORT SCIENCE
NGBNGB
DATA DATA COLLECTIONCOLLECTIONNGB SS
COMMITTEE
TESTING/RESEARCH/PROGRAMME TESTING/RESEARCH/PROGRAMME PLANNING:PLANNING:
TWO IMPORTANT CONCEPTSTWO IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
STRENGTHEXERCISE
STRENGTHTRAINING
POWER EXERCISE
POWERTRAINING
ENDURANCEEXERCISE
ENDURANCETRAINING
EXERCISE CONTINUUMEXERCISE CONTINUUM
?
RECOVERYRECOVERY RECOVERYRECOVERY RECOVERYRECOVERY
Foundations of Exercise ScienceFoundations of Exercise Science
Summary PointsSummary Points
Exercise Science and Sports Science are Exercise Science and Sports Science are new fields of study formed by merging new fields of study formed by merging other disciplinesother disciplines
Major areas of concentration include: Major areas of concentration include: physiology, biomechanics and psychologyphysiology, biomechanics and psychology
Anecdotal evidence can be presented Anecdotal evidence can be presented through: testimonial approach, tenacity, through: testimonial approach, tenacity, knowledge of authority, and rationalistic knowledge of authority, and rationalistic methodmethod
Foundations of Exercise ScienceFoundations of Exercise Science
Summary PointsSummary Points (cont.)(cont.)
Scientific method uses : controlled Scientific method uses : controlled observation, hypothesis, and observation, hypothesis, and experimentationexperimentation
Basic research lays foundation for Basic research lays foundation for Applied and “Translational” research, Applied and “Translational” research, which allows for improvements to which allows for improvements to specific areas of Exercise and Sports specific areas of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience
THE END