Post on 26-Jan-2020
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Presented by:
Eric Burgis
Energy Solutions Center
610-796-1946
eburgis@escenter.org
High Efficient Natural Gas Technologies FUPWG 5/8/14
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Heating Technologies
Water Heating
Gas Cooling
Humidity Control
Combined Heat & Power
Natural Gas Vehicles
Presentation Outline
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Natural Gas Heating
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Forced Air Systems The most common heating system is a forced-air
system or furnace that uses a natural gas burner to heat air
Cool air is drawn into the system and moved into a heat exchanger where it is warmed by the gas burner and then circulated by a blower or fan through ductwork to the space being heated
Forced air system can also include items such as electronic air filters, electric cooling equipment and a humidifier or dehumidifier
Natural Gas Heating
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Heat Pump Systems
Instead of warming the air by direct application of heat, a heat pump moves heat from the air, water or ground and transfers it to areas of cooler air
Uses a refrigerant gas or fluid that runs through pipes between two sets of coils
A heat pump works like an air conditioner in reverse
Natural Gas Heating
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Infrared Heaters
Has either a glowing panel or tube distribution system that warms people and surfaces in its direct path
Warms objects (not air) which then radiate heat upwards
Very energy efficient
Natural Gas Heating
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Forced Warm Air Systems Make-Up Air Systems Unit Heaters Gas Heat Pumps
Available Heating Technologies
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Natural gas rooftop units are commonplace
Usually purchased with gas heat and electric air conditioning in one unit
New high efficiency designs employ modulating and condensing technology for higher efficiency
Rooftop Units
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Conventional gas-fired rooftop heaters often have efficiency ratings between 78 and 82 percent
Heating capacities range from under 100,000 to over 500,000 BTU/hr.
Conventional Rooftop Units
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High Efficiency Rooftop Units
Condensing natural gas rooftop units provide comfort and efficiency (89-97%) offering:
Fast morning warm-up and response times
Lower operating and maintenance costs
Longer equipment life than heat pump units
Easily maintainable and replaceable systems
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Cost effective way to provide fresh tempered air to “make up” air leaving the building
Sizes available 900 – 1,200,000 CFM
Up to 100% outdoor air
Make Up Air Systems
11 11
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Unit Heaters – 150,000 to 400,000 BTU/Hr
Forced Hot Air Systems
Standard Efficiency 78-80%
High Efficiency Unit Heaters
Up to 93% AFUE
Power Vented Exhausts
Integrated Direct Spark Control
Unit Heaters
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Absorption and Engine Drive units available
Wide range of cooling and heating capacities and temperatures with capacities from 5 to 300 tons
Engine Drive systems are variable speed for efficient partial load operation
Absorption units available as air or water cooled systems
Gas Heat Pumps
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Engine Driven Heat Pumps
Similar to electric heat pumps
Electric motor replaced with a natural
gas driven engine
Can be Variable Refrigerant Flow
Excellent part load efficiencies
Multiple zone capable
Heating efficiency equivalent to 140%
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8, 11 & 15 Ton units available
Ducted or Ductless Options
Ductless Units ideal for Zoning
Air-cooled condensing in packaged unit
Cooling COP of 1.23
Heating COP of 1.40
IntelliChoice Energy
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16 & 24 Tons
Variable Refrigerant Flow
Simultaneous Heating and Cooling
Some models also generate electricity
No emergency heat needed when very cold
Up to 393 feet (120 meters) of piping between the outdoor unit and the water heat exchanger
SANYO Engine Driven Heat Pumps
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Typical of other Gas Heat Pumps
SANYO Gas Heat Pump Low Temperature Performance
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20
% C
apac
ity
Sanyo Gas VRF
Electric HeatPump
Ambient Temperature °F
10 4.4 -1.1 -6.7 -12.2 -17.8 -23.3 -28.9 Ambient Temperature °C
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Small gas fired boiler (traditional combustion)
95,500 BTU/HR input
Produces HOT up to 149°F (65°C) or COLD water down to 37°F (2.8°C)
Hydronic product
Piped into hydronic loop just like a hydronic boiler
Up to 149% Heating Efficiency
Gas Absorption Heat Pump
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Ground or Water Source
Well field reduction up to 40% compared to electric
ground source
systems!
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Recent study by UIC on Ground Source Heat Pumps compared to conventional systems in schools. Found that building is tight, school is full of
children adding heat to space and ERV’s on new schools save a lot of heat energy.
Found the school uses 3X more cooling than heating in a cold climate.
Economics for GSHP very poor compared to rooftop units or boiler/chiller system.
Recent GSHP Study for Schools
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Natural Gas Water Heaters
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Natural Gas Water Heating Options
Booster Water Heater
Atmospheric Storage
Solar/Gas Hybrid
High Efficiency Storage
Tankless
Boiler
Fire-Tube Condensing
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Tank Water Heaters
Commercialized versions of traditional residential unit
Input ratings 199,999 BTUs/hour as many codes change at 200,000 BTUs/hour and above
Storage capacity of about 100 gallons (378.5 liters)
Heat water to about 180°F (82.2°C)
Direct or power venting options
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Microprocessor controls Tank maintain consistent temperatures
Integrated mixing devices Allows for storage of hotter water – increasing
amount of usable hot water available Set back controllers Similar to programmable thermostat
Leak detection devices Shuts off water if tank leak is detected
Atmospheric flue dampers Reduces standby losses
Intelligence for Tank Water Heaters
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Future Water Heater Efficiency – U.S. 2015 Standards (Residential): GAS – Common Sizes
2015 DOE (Department of Energy) Final Rule Effective April 16th, 2015
Applies to residential water heaters, but these are used in small commercial applications as well.
<= 55 Gallons > 55 Gallons
Calculation EF = 0.675 – (0.0015 x V) DF = 0.8012 – (0.00078 x V)
Rated Storage Volume
Tankless 30 40 50 60 65 75
Current Standard
.62 .61 .59 .58 .56 .55 .53
2015 Standard
.82 .63 .62 .60 .75 .75 .74
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399,000 – 2,000,000 BTU Input 125, 250, and 300 (473, 946, and 1,135
liters) Gallon Tanks Up To 99% Efficiency (low fire) Full Modulation with 10:1 Turndown Programmable Electronic Control with
Digital Temperature Control Category IV Venting with CPVC Vent
Material 10 Year Tank Warranty 3 Year Scale Warranty
High Efficiency Storage Water Heater
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Commercial Fire Tube Condensing
Combustion Chamber
Removable dual heat exchangers
Four passes of combustion gases through the water
PVC venting
Low NOx burners available
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Tankless Water Heaters
Have no storage tank
Heat water on demand with no standby-losses from a tank
Standard efficiency units – 80-85%
High efficiency units – 97-98%
Sizing done by GPM required but under 200,000 BTU input per unit
Higher first cost – savings comes from elimination of standby losses
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Hybrid Systems – Solar/Gas
Solar water heater with natural gas-fired back-up heat exchanger
Internal solar heat exchanger for a solar panel
Combines with a highly efficient all in one storage tank
Provides approximately ½ of the water heating from solar
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Designed to heat rinse water for better cleaning with fewer spots – especially on glassware
Heats hot water from 120°-140° up to 180°F (48.8°-60° up to 82.2°C) water
Improves cleaning and sanitizing of dishes
Shortens drying time
Eliminates need for chemical rinse aids
Booster Water Heaters
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Commercial Heat Pump Water Heater Ambient Outdoor Temperature: 75°F (23.8°C) Hot Water Delivery Temperature: 120°F (48.8°C) COP = 586,000 / 292,000 = 2.0
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400,000-600,000 BTU/Hour (4-6 Therms) Ford 2.3 L 4 Cylinder Engine (<50 bhp) Ultra Low Emissions Small 5 kW generator for parasitic load Next-generation control system – Internet-Based Touch-screen display Advanced communications (CAN) Efficient, low-pressure, HFC-134a refrigerant Open-drive reciprocating compressor Custom evaporator coil design Compact brazed plate condenser
Gas Heat Pump Water Heater Specifications
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Natural Gas Cooling
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Natural Gas Cooling Options
Absorption Chillers
Heat Pumps
Engine Driven Chillers
Steam Turbine Driven Chiller
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20 Year Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Example Only –500 Tons Cooling, 2000 operating hours/yr.
Energy Prices –Electricity @ $0.12 / KWH & Natural Gas @ $7.00 / MCF
Compared to Electric Centrifugal Chiller
Simple Payback
Absorption - Double Effect
6.09
Engine Driven Chiller 4.74
Engine Driven w/ Heat Recovery
3.73
$-
$500,000
$1,000,000
$1,500,000
$2,000,000
$2,500,000
ElectricCentrifugal
Double EffectAbsorption
Chiller
Engine DrivenChiller
Engine Drivenwith HeatRecovery
Gas Cooling Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Energy Cost
Maintenance Cost
Capital Cost
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Humidity Control
Dehumidification and Humidification
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H1N1 Influenza
Health Impact of Uncontrolled Humidity
Optimum Level
% Relative Humidity
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Desiccant Dehumidification
300 CFM – 400 CFM
300 CFM – 120,000 CFM
Residential through Industrial sizes available Dry desiccant wheel or liquid desiccant
systems
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Steam humidifier
Uses a boiler
Direct-Fired humidifier
Cost-effective when boiler not available
Boil water to steam and distribute via air handling system or remote blower
Humidifiers
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Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
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Power Generation Equipment Options
Combined Heat & Power
Reciprocating Engines ( 80 KW - 8 MW) Microturbines
( 30 – 250 KW )
Fuel Cells ( 10 – 200 KW )
Turbines ( 1,000 KW – 40 MW )
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High fuel efficiency Sizes ranging from a few kilowatts to over 5 MW Lower Initial costs vs. larger turbines Best for variable load applications More tolerant to high ambient conditions and
high elevations Lower fuel pressure requirement Accept low BTU fuels On line in less than 30 seconds May offer “black start” opportunity
Reciprocating Engine Driven CHP
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Large heat to ekW ratio
Sizes from 100s of kW to 100s of MW
High exhaust temperatures: 480°C / 900°F
Low weight & minimal space requirement
Very simple design
Lower emissions capabilities
Ideal for 24/7 operation
Accept high or low BTU fuels
Combustion Turbine CHP
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30 – 250 kW sizes available
Lightweight & small footprint
Multi-fuel capability
Air cooled
Ultra low emissions
High reliability
Minimal scheduled maintenance
Accepts various fuel sources
Microturbine CHP
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Grid-independent operation
Sizes from 5kW to 400 kW
Electric load following
Multi-megawatt capacity
Will operate on low pressure natural gas fuel
Low noise and vibration
Ultra-low emissions
10 year cell stack life
Fuel Cell CHP
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Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Recip Micro
turbine Turbine
Simple Payback
3.1 yr 5.4yr 7.5 yr
Internal Rate of Return
30% 13% 6%
$-
$5,000,000
$10,000,000
$15,000,000
$20,000,000
$25,000,000
Grid Power ReciprocatingEngine
Micro Turbine Gas Turbine
1,000 kW CHP Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Energy Cost
Maintenance Cost
Capital Cost
Example Only –1000 kW CHP plant, 8760 hours per year
Energy Prices –Electricity @ $0.12 / KWH & Natural Gas @ $7.00 / MCF
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Small Scale CHP vs Renewables Summary of study by NGTC 4/17/14
12,000 Sq Ft - 10 KW DE System1 Solar - PV Wind CHP
Installed Cost ($/KW) $5,300 $6,000 $7,280
Annual Savings (/KW installed)2 156 216 592 Space Required (Sq Ft/KW installed) 76 785 1.4
CO2 Saved (/KW installed)3 1,871 2,588 6,502
Ave. hours /year at max power4 1,550 2,175 8,311
75,000 Sq Ft - 65 KW DE System1 Solar - PV Wind CHP
Installed Cost ($/KW) $4,600 $3,300 $2,250
Annual Savings (/KW installed)2 $157 $161 $583
Space Required (Sq Ft/KW installed) 76 121 0.28
CO2 Saved (/KW installed)3 1,878 1,933 6,369
Ave. hours /year at max power4 1,550 1,595 8,322
1 Fitness Center = 10KW IC Engine, Elder Care facility = 65KW Micro-Turbine
2 Average annual energy savings across all 4 regions divided by size of DE system
3 Average annual CO2 reduction across all 4 regions divided by size of DE system
4 Average annual electric generated across all 4 regions per year divided by size of DE system
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Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs)
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Available Natural Gas Vehicles
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Natural gas ranges in cost from $1.50–$2.00 less per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE)
In the U.S. alone, NGVs offset the use of nearly 360 million gallons (1,362 million liters) of gasoline in 2011
NGVs meet the strictest emission standards, including California’s AT-PZEV standard
NGVs are as safe as or safer than traditional gasoline or diesel vehicles
NGV Facts
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Environmentally friendly
No loss in performance
Cost savings – CNG vs. other fuel(s)
Extended maintenance intervals
Operational flexibility
Extended driving range with dual fuel system
NGV Benefits
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Questions?
Eric Burgis
Energy Solutions Center
610-796-1946
eburgis@escenter.org