Transcript of HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID Tennessee Division of Forestry.
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- HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID Tennessee Division of Forestry
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- Background History of HWA Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) (Adelges
tsugae) is a non-native insect pest that kills native eastern and
carolina hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis & Tsuga caroliniana) HWA
was first discovered in Virginia in 1951 and as of 2012 has spread
to 18 eastern states where it has significantly altered or reduced
native hemlock populations
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- Background History of HWA in Tennessee In Tennessee HWA was
discovered in Sevier & Blount counties in 2002 and has since
spread west to the Cumberland Plateau Much of the hemlock
population in the Blue Ridge eco- region of our state has already
been lost or is severely threatened by this pest Since 2002, HWA
has spread to 36 Tennessee counties
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- HWA Threats HWA is the single greatest threat to hemlock health
and sustainability in the eastern US and is comparable to Dutch Elm
Disease and American Chestnut Blight in potential impacts If left
untreated, HWA can kill a hemlock tree within 3 to 7 years of
infestation
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- HWA Threats Hemlock forests play a vital role in riparian areas
as they: - prevent erosion on steep banks which helps to prevent
disruptive water quality issues - provide shelter for many wildlife
species - keeps water temperatures moderate in cold winter months
and cool during hot summers days for aquatic species HWA can
potentially destroy these values and forever change the forest
landscape!!
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- Why Hemlocks are Important to Tennessee Aesthetic Value
Economic Value Environmental Value Personal Value
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- HWA Spread Methods Wind Birds and animals Transplant of trees
from infested areas Purchasing infested nursery stock People
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- Most Visible Sign of HWA
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- Healthy Stages of Hemlock Decline Slight defoliationMortality
37 Years
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- How Does HWA Kill Trees? Nymphs and adults insert a stylet near
the base of needles and feed on sap and nutrients May inject a
saliva into the tree to disrupt plant growth Multiply rapidly- no
natural predators Sheer numbers feeding on a hemlock results in
loss of vigor and eventual death (3 to 7 years)
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- Biological Controls: Predator Beetles Pros: Best chance for
long-term control of HWA Can be used on large inaccessible areas
Good for treating moderate to heavy HWA infestations Three
different species of beetles are being raised at UT Cons:
Expensive: beetles can cost between $2-$3 each & most areas
require thousands of beetles for introduction Successfully
introduction requires extremely specific site conditions Only
nearby rearing facility is the University of Tennessee and for
public lands only Two companies in Pennsylvania and North Carolina
are selling beetles for private landowners Laricobius nigrinus
beetle being release on state forest land
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- Chemical Information-Imidacloprid Imidacloprid: For light to
moderate infestation Treatment life is between 3-8 years, depending
on tree Must be kept out of direct sunlight
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- Chemical Information-Imidacloprid Imidacloprid is a
Neonicotinoid insecticide are synthetic derivatives of nicotine, an
alkaloid compound found in the leaves of many plants in addition to
tobacco. Could affect honey bees and aquatic invertebrates
Treatment Methods Use: Soil Drench, Soil Injection, Stem Injection
and Foliage Spray
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- Chemical Information-Dinotefuran Dinotefuran (Safari): For
moderate to heavy infestations Do not apply within 20 feet of
direct water source, or to areas where surface water is present or
to areas below the mean high water mark For trees in forests that
are pollinated by bees or other invertebrates, make applications
post-bloom
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- Chemical Information-Dinotefuran Must be kept out of direct
sunlight Treatment life is between 1-3 years, depending on tree
Could affect shrimp and aquatic invertebrates Treatment Methods
Use: Soil Drench, Soil Injection, Foliage and Bark Spray *Please be
sure to read and follow all label instructions when using any
pesticides.
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- Methods Available to Treat HWA Soil Drench Soil Injection Stem
Injection Foliage Spray or Basal Spray Soil Drench Equipment
Kioritz Soil Injector
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- Soil Drenching Cons: Have to move back leaf and duff litter to
expose roots to drench More room for chemical amount error Should
not be used on steep slopes Can not be used at least 5 foot from a
water source for Imidacloprid and 20 feet for Dinotefuran Pros:
Very easy to use Versatile system Lightweight Can use both HWA
chemical products for this system Soil Drench Equipment
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- Soil Injection Pros: Can give an accurate amount of chemical to
a tree Can use both HWA chemical products for this system Versatile
system Cons: Sometimes injector clogs up and must be cleaned and
needs maintenance Hard to find Kioritz Soil Injectors are no longer
being produced but other soil injectors are becoming available Can
not be used at least 5 foot from a water source for Imidacloprid
and 20 feet for Dinotefuran NU-ARBOR 1-Two Root Injector Kioritz
Soil Injector
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- Stem Injection Pros: Can be used by trees next to a water
source Can give a accurate amount of chemical to a tree Less weight
compared to other treatment methods Cons: Can only use Imidacloprid
chemical in injector Equipment costs more than other HWA treatment
methods Must drill holes in trees to apply chemical but newer
systems are becoming less invasive Creates wounds around the base
of the tree Trees need to have greater than 50% live crown left for
successful treatment Arbor-Jet Stem Injector
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- Bark Spray Pros: Good for treating moderate to heavy
infestations No drilling holes in trees to apply chemical Cons:
More potential for chemical exposure and drift Can only use
Dinotefuran chemical in this system Do not apply to wet bark,
during rainfall or if rain is expected within 12 hours. Can not be
used within the 20 feet of a water source D.B. Smith Contractor
Series Sprayer
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- Foliage Spray Pros: Good for treating foliage on small hemlocks
with trees less than 30 feet in height Good for treating
light-heavy infestations Cons: Can not be used at least 5 foot from
a water source for Imidacloprid and 20 feet for Dinotefuran More
potential for chemical exposure and drift Best to begin
applications before the onset of high pest populations Foliar
applications are best made in late spring or from July through
September when the insect is not covered by protective wool Field
King Backpack Sprayer
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- Treating Light Infestation Full foliage, good green color in
needles Products-Imidacloprid, Dinotefuran Methods-Soil injection,
soil drench, foliage spray and stem injection Best time to
treat-Spring and Fall but can be done year- round depending on
weather and soil conditions
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- Treating Moderate Infestation Thinning foliage, poorer color,
needles starting to drop Products-Imidacloprid, Dinotefuran
Methods-Soil injection, soil drench, foliage, bark spray and stem
injection Best time to treat-Spring and Fall but can be done year-
round, depending on weather and soil condition
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- Treating Heavy Infestation Foliage very thin or missing in
places, gray green, die back is starting or occurring
Products-Imidacloprid, Dinotefuran Methods-Soil injection, soil
drench, bark spray and stem injection Best time to treat-Spring and
Fall but can be done year- round, depending on weather and soil
condition
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- Equipment Cost of Each Method Soil Dench Between $7.95-$8.18
(One 5 gallon jug or one 48 ounce Nalgene bottle) Stem Injection
Between $394-$400 (Hypo-Hatchet Tree Injector or Arbor-Jet Quick
Jet) Other systems cost up to $1,500 or more Soil Injector Between
$495-$1,700 (NU-ARBOR 1-Two Root Injector or HTI Soil Injector )
Foliage/Bark Spray Between $38.75-$67.95 (D.B. Smith Contractor
Series Sprayer or 4- Gallon Capacity Field King Backpack Sprayer)
*Please note prices will vary with sales tax, shipping cost local
availability and any extra accessories you may need to buy
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- Cost Comparison of Chemicals Cost Range Per Unit (commonly sold
sizes; not including shipping and handling) Inches of Tree Diameter
Treated Per Unit Cost Range Per Inch of Tree Diameter (not
factoring for double dosing trees 24 inches in diameter) Generic
Brands of 75% Water Soluble Imidacloprid (75% WSP/WSB)
$34-$50/pouch of 4 at 1.6g per bag 192 inches/pouch of 4 at 1.6g
per bag $0.17-$0.26/inch of diameter (when purchasing pouches of 4)
Generic Brands of 21.4-22.6% Flowable Imidacloprid (2F/2L)
$105-$180/gallonUp to 3,840 inches/gallon$0.05-$0.14/inch of
diameter Imidacloprid Tablets(Cortect brand only) $112-$180/bottle
of 250125 inches/bottle of 250$0.90-$0.1.44/inch of diameter
Imidacloprid 5% Injectable Chemical (Ima-Jet brand only)
$250-$302/Liter250 inches/Liter$1.00-$1.21/inch of diameter
Dinotefuran 20SG Soluable Granule (Safari brand only) $357-$390/3
pounds468 inches/3 pounds$0.76-$0.85/inch of diameter
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- Steps for Private Landowners Treating HWA 1.Determine your
goals and objectives for your forest as well as for your hemlocks.
Treating your hemlocks should be a long term commitment that may
involve multiple treatments. Developing a comprehensive forestry
management plan is highly encouraged 2.Inspect trees to determine
level of HWA infestation present: none, light, moderate or heavy.
3.Assess site conditions (soils, terrain, slopes and accessibility
of site)
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- Steps for Private Landowners Treating HWA 4.Collect tree data
(record for each trees dbh and number of trees per acre for site)
5.Based on steps 2-4, determine treatment strategy (chemical type,
amount of chemical, labor and treatment method) 6.Estimated cost of
Treatment 7.Develop long term budget for continue treatment for HWA
*NOTE: It is the user's responsibility to read and follow all label
instructions when using any pesticide materials.
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- For more information or technical assistance please contact:
Heather Slayton 615-218-4377 Heather.Slayton@tn.gov or visit
www.protecttnforests.org