Health & Safety Risk Factors

in Shipping

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

2009

Safety Risk Factors

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Fatigue can degrade crew performance

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Some FactorsAffecting

Crew’s Performance

ManagementStyle

Behavior

TechnologyWork

Environment

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Safety Risk FactorsAffecting Crew’s Performance

BEHAVIORBEHAVIORBEHAVIORBEHAVIOR

Value

AttitudeAptitudes

Training

Health

Experience

Physical capability

Stress

Workload

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

CrewCrewPerformancePerformance

CrewCrewPerformancePerformance

Safety Risk FactorsAffecting Crew’s Performance

Interrupted sleep patterns

Fear or perceptionof danger

Loneliness &isolation

Responsibility of job

Communicationdifficulties

Incompatibility of fellow workers

Reliability offellow workers

Fatigue

Environment :Noise, seasickness…

Monotony of job

Ships in Service Training Material C. STEVENSON

STRESSSTRESSFACTORSFACTORS

Safety Risk FactorsAffecting Crew’s Performance

WORK ENVIRONMENTWORK ENVIRONMENTWORK ENVIRONMENTWORK ENVIRONMENT

CongestionWeather

Distractions

Time of day

Work space

Waterway conditions

Man / Machine interface

Personnel interaction

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

CrewCrewPerformancePerformance

CrewCrewPerformancePerformance

Safety Risk FactorsAffecting Crew’s Performance

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

Simulation

Automation

System integration

Advanced operationalmethods

Computerization

Advanced engineeringmethods

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

CrewCrewPerformancePerformance

CrewCrewPerformancePerformance

Safety Risk FactorsAffecting Crew’s Performance

CrewCrewPerformancePerformance

CrewCrewPerformancePerformance

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Corporate culture

CommitmentProcedures

Ethic

Leadership

Incentives

Goals & directions

Feedback

Communication

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Safety Risk FactorsAffecting Crew’s Performance

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

FatigueIMO-MSC 1014

Fatigue can degrade crew performance

Safety Risk Factors

FATIGUE is generally described as a state of feeling tired or sleepy that results from:

- Prolonged mental work. - Physical work. - Extended periods of anxiety. - Exposure to harsh environments. - Loss of sleep.

Fatigue Causes

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Fatigue Effects

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

The result of fatigue is :

- Impaired performance.- Diminished alertness.

The effects of fatigue areparticularly dangerous

in the shipping industry.

RatingShip’s Officer

Master

Training Institution

Owner / OperatorManager

Naval ArchitectShip Designer

Maritime Pilot Tugboat

MSC 1014 Guidance on Fatigue

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

RatingShip’s Officer

Master

Training Institution

Naval ArchitectShip Designer

Maritime Pilot Tugboat

Who should do what ?

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Owner / OperatorManager

Men

tally

Em

otionally

Physically

Symptoms of Fatigue

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Effects on Anybody

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Rating & Tugboat Personnel : PhysicallySymptoms of Fatigue

- Inability to stay awake.- Difficulty with hand-eye coordination skills.

- Speech difficulties.- Heaviness in the arms and legs or sluggish feeling.

- Decreased ability to exert force while lifting, pushing or pulling.- Increased frequency of dropping objects like tools or parts.

- Non specific physical discomfort.

- Headaches.- Giddiness.

- Heart palpitation, irregular heart beats.- Rapid breathing.

- Loss of appetite.- Insomnia.

- Sudden sweating fits.- Leg pains or cramps.

- Digestion problems.

Symptoms of Fatigue Rating & Tugboat Personnel : Physically

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

- Increased willingness to take risks.

- Increased intolerance and anti-social behavior.

- Needless worry.

- Reduced motivation to work well.

- Increased mood changes ( from irritability to depression ).

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Rating & Tugboat Personnel : Emotionally Symptoms of Fatigue

- Poor judgment of distance, speed, time,…

- Inaccurate interpretation of a situation.

- Slow or no response to normal, abnormal or emergency situations.

- Reduced attention span.

- Difficulty concentrating and thinking clearly.

- Decreased ability to pay attention.

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Rating & Tugboat Personnel : MentallySymptoms of Fatigue

- Unable to organize a series of activities.

- Preoccupied with a single task.

- Focuses on a trivial problem, neglecting more important ones.

- Reverts to old but ineffective habits. - Less vigilant than usual.

1- Inability to concentrate

Ship’s Officer & Master

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Symptoms of Fatigue

2- Diminished decision-making ability

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Symptoms of Fatigue Ship’s Officer & Master

- Misjudges distance, speed, time,…

- Fails to appreciate the gravity of the situation.

- Overlooks items that should be included.

- Chooses risky options.

- Difficulty with simple arithmetic, geometry…

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

3- Poor memory

4- Slow response

Symptoms of Fatigue Ship’s Officer & Master

- Fails to remember the sequence of task.

- Difficulty remembering events or procedures.

- Forgets to complete a task or part of a task.

- Reverts to old but ineffective habits.

- Responds slowly to normal, abnormal or emergency situations

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

5- Loss of control of bodily movements

Symptoms of Fatigue Ship’s Officer & Master

- May appear to be drunk.- Inability to stay awake.

- Affected speech ( Slurred, slowed, garbled ).- Feeling heaviness in the arms and legs.

- Decreased ability to exert force while lifting, pushing or pulling.

- Increased frequency of dropping objects like tools or parts.

6- Mood change

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Symptoms of Fatigue Ship’s Officer & Master

- Quieter, less talkative than usual.

- Unusually irritable.

- Increased intolerance and anti-social behavior.

- Depression.

7- Attitude change

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Symptoms of Fatigue Ship’s Officer & Master

- Fails to anticipate danger.- Fails to observe and obey warning signs.

- Seems unaware of own poor performance.- Too willing to take risks.

- Ignores normal checks and procedures.- Displays a “don’t care” attitude.

- Weakness in drive or dislike for work.

1- Inability to concentrate

Maritime Pilote

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Symptoms of Fatigue

- Unable to organize a series of activities.

- Preoccupied with a single task.

- Focuses on a trivial problem, neglecting more important ones.

- Less vigilant than usual.

2- Diminished decision-making ability

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Symptoms of Fatigue Maritime Pilote

- Misjudges distance, speed, time,…- Fails to appreciate the gravity of the situation.

- Overlooks items that should be included.- Chooses risky options.

- Difficulty with simple arithmetic, geometry…- Fails to observe and obey warning signs. - Fails to anticipate danger.

3- Poor memory

4- Slow response

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Symptoms of Fatigue Maritime Pilote

- Fails to remember the sequence of task or task elements.

- Difficulty remembering events or procedures.

- Forgets to complete a task or part of a task.

- Responds slowly to normal, abnormal or emergency situations.

5- Loss of control of bodily movements

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Symptoms of Fatigue Maritime Pilote

- May appear to be drunk.

- Inability to stay awake.

- Affected speech (Slurred, slowed, garbled).

6- Mood change

7- Attitude change

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Symptoms of Fatigue Maritime Pilote

Quieter, less talkative than usual.Unusually irritable.

- Seems unaware of own poor performance.- Too willing to take risks.

- Ignores normal checks and procedures.- Displays a “don’t care” attitude.

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Naval Architect& Ship Designer

Accommodationdesign

Work placedesign

Ambient environmental conditions

Boredom

On board facilities

Ship motions

Naval Architect & Ship Designer

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Design Process

Better designBetter upkeep

Crew cabins accommodationCrew cabins locationSoundproofing measuresCabins / Bunks designs & configuration

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Naval Architect & Ship Designer

- Sleep-interruption or deprivation due to accommodation design

- Work place design

Monotony & mental satiationLightingTemperatureSoundSmell

Noise & VibrationVentilationHumidity

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Naval Architect & Ship DesignerDesign Process

- Harsh ambient environmental conditions where people live and work

- Boredom

Sea keeping provisionsWeatherSea states

AccommodationsRecreational facilitiesGalleys & Mess roomsFood preparation & storage areasHygiene facilitiesMedical facilities

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Naval Architect & Ship DesignerDesign Process

On board facilities

Ship motions

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Ship Owner &Operator Manager

“ Master has been onboard for one year & a day… probably suffering from nervous exhaustion.“

Left night orders at 02:30Called to the bridge at 06:00

Fatigue on Merchant ShipsTORREY CANYON - 1967

Grounded on Seven Stones Reef - UK at 08:50 Master was under commercial pressure to reachhis destination port as he was instructed :If he did not make the evening tide at Milford Havenon march 18th the vessel would have to wait untilmarch 24th before he could enter the port.

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

- 11,000 people on clean-up- Training of 18,000 people- Use of 80 air crafts, 1,400 vessels, 260 skimmers, 2 dry docks, floating hotels,...- Specialist teams for all around the worldEstimated cost : $ 8 billion $ 300,000 per barrel of crude oil

Fatigue on Merchant ShipsEXXON VALDEZ - 1989

Fatigue was cited as one of the contributing factors.Oil spill involved not only the lossof 258,000 barrels of crude oil but massive expenditure in clean-up& fine :

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Number of hours on duty

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

2.5

2.0

Ris

k re

lati

ve

Ships in Service Training Material A. COOPER

Relative Risk of AccidentDuring work shift duration

Sustained operationsfor 24 Hours

result in a dropin performanceof about 25%

Sleep deprivation for 24 hours

were comparable toBAC = 0,10%

Wakefulness of 18 hours

were comparable to BAC = 0,05%

16% of Critical ship causalities &

33% of injuries where partly du to

Human Fatigue

Ship Owner & Operator Manager

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Fatigue equivalent in Blood Alcohol Concentration

Midday

Midnight

Sleep of5 to 6 hours

Sleep of7 to 8 hours

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Ship Owner & Operator Manager

Fatigue is awarning sign

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL

Accident Prevention

Ships in Service Training Material A-M CHAUVEL