Post on 27-Dec-2015
Health IndicatorsHealth Indicators Mortality indicatorsMortality indicators Morbidity indicatorsMorbidity indicators Disability ratesDisability rates Nutritional status indicatorsNutritional status indicators Health care delivery indicatorsHealth care delivery indicators utilization ratesutilization rates Indicators of social and mental healthIndicators of social and mental health Environmental indicatorsEnvironmental indicators Socio-economic indicatorsSocio-economic indicators Health policy IndicatorsHealth policy Indicators Indicators of quality of lifeIndicators of quality of life other indictorsother indictors
Utilization ratesUtilization rates Proportion of infants who are “fully Proportion of infants who are “fully
Immunized” against the 7 EPI diseases.Immunized” against the 7 EPI diseases. Proportion of pregnant women who receive Proportion of pregnant women who receive
antenatal care, or have their deliveries antenatal care, or have their deliveries supervised by a trained birth attendant.supervised by a trained birth attendant.
Percentage of the population using various Percentage of the population using various methods of family planning.methods of family planning.
Bed-occupancy rate (i.e., average daily in-Bed-occupancy rate (i.e., average daily in-patient /average number of beds).patient /average number of beds).
Average length of stay (i.e., days of care Average length of stay (i.e., days of care rendered / discharges).rendered / discharges).
Bed turn-over ratio (i.e., discharges/average Bed turn-over ratio (i.e., discharges/average beds).beds).
Socio-economic indicatorsSocio-economic indicators Rate of population increaseRate of population increase Per capita GNPPer capita GNP Level of unemployment Level of unemployment Dependency ratioDependency ratio Literacy rates, especially female literacy rateLiteracy rates, especially female literacy rate Family size.Family size. Housing: the number of persons per roomHousing: the number of persons per room Per capita “calorie” availabilityPer capita “calorie” availability Working conditionsWorking conditions Income distributionIncome distribution
POPULATION OF PAKISTAN (MILLIONS)
28.28233.817
42.978
65.341
84.254
113.78
130.58
154.794
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1941 1951 1961 1972 1981 1991 1998 2006
YEAR
POP.
IN M
ILLI
ONS
POPULOUS COUNTRIES OF WORLD
1, 298
1, 065
293238
184 159 143 141
0
200
400
600
800
1, 000
1, 200
1, 400
CHI NA I NDI A USA I NDONESI A BRAZI L PAKI STAN RUSSI A BANGLA DESH
NAME OF COUNTRY
SOCIAL INDICATORSSOCIAL INDICATORS1.POPULATION2.FAMILY FORMATION & HOUSEHOLD3.EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES4.EARNING ACTIVITIES5.SOCIAL SECURITY & FAMILY WELFARE6.HEALTH SERVICES7.NUTRITION 8.INCOME DISTRIBUTION9.ENVIRONMENT 10. PUBLIC ORDER &
SAFETY11.TIME USE AND LEISURE, RECREATION12.SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND MOBILITY
Health Policy IndicatorsHealth Policy Indicators
Political commitment to health Political commitment to health for allfor all
Resource allocation, GNP spentResource allocation, GNP spent Degree of equity distribution of Degree of equity distribution of
health services.health services. Community InvolvementCommunity Involvement Organization frame workOrganization frame work Managerial Process.Managerial Process.
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORSGOAL INDICATORS
Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerEradicate extreme poverty and hunger Improve Maternal Health & reduce child Improve Maternal Health & reduce child
MortalityMortality Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
diseasesdiseases Achieve Universal Primary EducationAchieve Universal Primary Education Ensure environmental sustainabilityEnsure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership for Develop a global partnership for
development development
Comparison of Kerala and all-India Health StatisticsComparison of Kerala and all-India Health Statistics
KeralaKerala All-IndiaAll-IndiaDeath rate/1000(2002)Death rate/1000(2002) 6.46.4 8.18.1Rural birth rate(2002)Rural birth rate(2002) 16.816.8 25.025.0Infant mortality rate Infant mortality rate (2002)(2002)
1010 6464
Annual growth rate, per Annual growth rate, per cent (2001)cent (2001)
0.90.9 1.931.93
Life expectancy at birth Life expectancy at birth 2001-06 (Projection)2001-06 (Projection)
MaleMale
FemaleFemale
66.566.5
71.771.7
7575
61.561.5
64.164.1
65.465.4
Literacy rate, Literacy rate, percent(2001)percent(2001)
90.9290.92 65.3865.38
Female literacy rate (2001)Female literacy rate (2001) 87.8687.86 54.1654.16
Mean age at marriage Mean age at marriage females (1999)females (1999)
22.122.1 19.519.5
Per capita income (2000-1)Per capita income (2000-1) Rs. 21046Rs. 21046 Rs. 16707Rs. 16707
Doctor-population ratio Doctor-population ratio (1991)(1991)
1: 72131: 7213 1:21481:2148
Health CareHealth Care““Multitude of services Multitude of services
rendered to individuals, rendered to individuals, families or communities by families or communities by
the agents of the health the agents of the health services or professions, for services or professions, for the purpose of promoting, the purpose of promoting, maintaining, monitoring or maintaining, monitoring or
restoring health.”restoring health.”
Characteristics of Health CareCharacteristics of Health Care
1. Appropriateness1. Appropriateness
2. Comprehensiveness2. Comprehensiveness
3. Adequacy3. Adequacy 4. Availability 4. Availability
5. Accessibility 6.Affordability5. Accessibility 6.Affordability
7. Feasibility7. Feasibility
INFANT MORTALITY RATES
191. 19
163. 07
100. 44
72. 44
56. 29
41. 58
24. 18 17. 79. 95 8. 51 6. 5 5. 53 5. 16 4. 69 3. 7 3. 26 2. 29
0
50
100
150
200
250
Angola Pakistan China Hungry UK J apan
COUNTRY
IMR PAKISTAN
82. 49
80. 5
78. 52
76. 53
74. 53
72. 5
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
Y-2000 Y-2001 Y-2002 Y-2003 Y-2004 Y-2005
YEAR
PRIMARY HEALTH CAREPRIMARY HEALTH CARE
“ “Primary Health care is essential health Primary Health care is essential health care based on scientifically sound and care based on scientifically sound and
socially acceptable methods and socially acceptable methods and technology, made universally accessible technology, made universally accessible
to individuals and families in the to individuals and families in the community through their full participation community through their full participation
and at a cost that that a country and and at a cost that that a country and community can afford to maintain in community can afford to maintain in
every stage of development in the sirit of every stage of development in the sirit of self-reliance and self-reliance and self-self-reliance and self-reliance and self-
determination:determination:
COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTSCOMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS Education concerning prevailing health problems Education concerning prevailing health problems
and the methods of controlling and preventing and the methods of controlling and preventing them.them.
Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition. Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition. An adequate supply of safe water and basic An adequate supply of safe water and basic
sanitation.sanitation. Maternal and child health care including family Maternal and child health care including family
planning.planning. Immunization against major infectious diseases.Immunization against major infectious diseases. Prevention and control of locally endemic Prevention and control of locally endemic
diseases.diseases. Appropriate treatment of common diseases and Appropriate treatment of common diseases and
injuries.injuries. Provision of essential drugs.Provision of essential drugs.
Key Concepts of Primary Health CareKey Concepts of Primary Health Care
EQUITY:EQUITY: Equity means everyone is Equity means everyone is entitled to receive care and that care entitled to receive care and that care should be according to need.should be according to need.
EFFECTIVENESS:EFFECTIVENESS: Each primary health Each primary health care activity should have a favorable care activity should have a favorable effect be according to need.effect be according to need.
EFFICIENCY:EFFICIENCY: Primary health care Primary health care programs should be low-cost and programs should be low-cost and affordable.affordable.
Health related Millennium Health related Millennium Development Goals and indicatorsDevelopment Goals and indicators
Goal:1/1Goal:1/1 Eradicate extreme poverty and Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerhunger
Goal : 2/4Goal : 2/4 Reduce child mortalityReduce child mortality Goal : 3/5Goal : 3/5 Improve maternal healthImprove maternal health Goal : 4/6Goal : 4/6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseasesother diseases Goal : 5/7Goal : 5/7 Ensure environmental Ensure environmental
sustainabilitysustainability Goal: 6/8Goal: 6/8 Develop a global partnership for Develop a global partnership for
developmentdevelopment
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORSGOAL INDICATORS
Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerEradicate extreme poverty and hunger Reduce Child MortalityReduce Child Mortality Improve Maternal HealthImprove Maternal Health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
diseasesdiseases Ensure environmental sustainabilityEnsure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership for Develop a global partnership for
development development
Health SystemHealth SystemThe “health system” is intended toThe “health system” is intended to
deliver health servicesdeliver health services
Medical CareMedical Care““Medical Care refers chiefly to Medical Care refers chiefly to
those personal services that are those personal services that are provided directly by a physician or provided directly by a physician or rendered as a result of the rendered as a result of the physician’s instructionsphysician’s instructions” ”